胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表.docx

1、胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表-(1)(DOC)胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表1.语言的普遍特征: 任意性 arbitrariness多产性 productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西 文化传播性 cultural transmission2o语言的功能:传达信息功能informative 人济功能：interpersonal 行事功能:Performative 表情功能：Emotive 寒暄功能：Phatic 娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能 metalingual3.语言学linguistics：包括六

2、个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学 Morphology句法学syntax语义学 semantics语用学 pragmatics4.现代结构主义语言学创始人： Ferdinand desaussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说 出的具体话语5.语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用 competenceandperformance1.Which of the following statements can be used to

3、 describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a.we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb.we can use both shu and tree to describe the same thing.c.we can u se language to refer to something not presentd.we can produce sentencesthat have never been heard before

4、.2.What is the most important function of language?a.i nterpersonalb.phaticc.in formatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence A nice day, isnt it ?is _a informativeb.phaticc.directived.performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by _a saussureb.hallidayc.chom

5、skyd.the prague school5.Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a.saussureb.chomskyc.hallidayd anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔 组成2.辅音 consonant there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音 complete obstruction 鼻音nasals破裂音 p

6、losives咅 B分阻塞辅音 partial obstruction擦音 fricatives 破擦音 affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音 vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6 双元音 diphthongs有元音过渡 vowel glides1.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies _.a.the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb the perception of soundsc.the combination

7、 of soundsd.the production of sounds2.The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in _a.the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc.the position of the tongued.the shape of the lips3.What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta.voicelessb.spreadc.voicedd.n asal4.What ph

8、onetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a.voicingb.aspirationc.roundnessd.nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a.voicingb.n asalc.approximationd.aspiration6.The phonologicalfeatures of the consonantk are _a.voiced stopb.voiceless stopc.voiced

9、 fricatived.voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in _a.the manner of articulationb.the shape of the lipsc.the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in _a.aspirationb.n asalityc.obstructiond.voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性

10、，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所 有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能， 其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。2.音位phoneme最小语音单位3.音位变体allophones读音差别4.对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音 环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，5.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会 出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互 补性分布的关系，如送气p绝不会出现在s之后， 不送气的p绝不会出现在词首6.音节syllable,分为节首onset节峰peak，节 尾 coda7.辅音群：一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过 三个福音，节尾不能超过4个8.最小语音对

11、minimal pairsI.Introduction1. What is LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.What is Linguistics语言学）Linguistics is the scientific study of language.3.Some Basic Distinction区分）in Linguistics3.1Speech and WritingOne general principle（原贝V ） of linguistic

12、analysis is the primacy of speechover writing. Writing gives language new scope范畴）and uses that speech does not have.3.2Descriptive描述性）or Prescriptive说明性） A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for correct behav

13、ior.3.3Synchronic（共 时）and Diachronic（历 时） StudiesThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronicstudy and The description of a language as it changesthrough time is a diachronic stud y.3.4Langue语言）and Parole（言 语）This is a distinction made by the Swisslinguist F.De Saussure （索 绪尔）

14、 early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized（实际的）language, or realization of langue.3.5Competence 能力）and Performance行为） Competence is the ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his lan

15、guage. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances发声）.4.The Scope of LinguisticsGeneral linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics（语 音学）is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech soundsand provides methods for their description,

16、 classification and transcriptio n. Phonology音韵学）is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology（词法）is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.Syntax（句法） is the branch of linguisticswhich studies the rules governing the combination of words in

17、to sentences.Semantics语义学）is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. Applied linguistics应用语言学）is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguisticsis the study of the relationship between language and societ y.Psycholinguistics is the study of the re

18、lationship between language and the mind.Historical Linguistics历史语言学）is the study of language changes.Anthropological linguistics人文语言学）uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man. Neurolinguistics（

19、神 经 语言学）studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.Mathematical linguistics（数学语言学）studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics. Computational linguistics（计算语言学）is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical

20、 techniques and concepts are applied, often with the aid of a computer.II.Phonetics（语音学）1.scope of phoneticsSpeech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:Articulatory phonetics发音语音学） we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to

21、 discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate协调） in the process.Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated（调节） by the ear, the auditory nerve（神 经） and the brain.Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学） we study the physical properties of

22、speech sounds, as transmitted （传送） between mouth and ear.2.The vocal organsThe vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,（气流 发生器官） the producer of voice （声音发生器 官） and the resonating cavities声音共振器官）3.Consonants辅 音）Places of articulation发音部位）:bilabial双唇）

23、Labiodentals,（唇齿） dental,（齿） alveolar,（齿龈） retroflex,（卷舌） palate-alveolar,（上 齿龈）palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal（声门）Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破） nasal,（鼻音）trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）fricative, （摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate （破擦）4.Vowels 元 音）The classification of vowels: the height of ton

24、gue raising （high, mid, low）, the position of the highest part of the tongue（front, central, back）, and the degree of lip rounding（rounded, unrounded）III.Phonology （音韵学）1.phonemes音素）：a distinctive（有区别的） sound in a language.2.Allophones（音位变体）：The nondistinctivesounds are members of the same phoneme.3

25、.Minimal pairs（最小对立体）： word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.4.Free variation （自由变异）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment环境），they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.5.Complementary distribution（补充分类）:Not all th

26、e speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two soundsnever occur in the same environment.6.Suprasegmental phonology超音段音位）:the study of phonological properties（ 性质）of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable（音节）,stress/重音） word stress, sentence stress. pitch （音调） and intonatio

27、n （语调）.IV.Morphology （词法）1.inflection（构 形 法）： the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes .屈折词缀）2.Word-formation（构词）：the processes过程）of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明词法关系） They are compound合 成）and derivation （派生）.3.Morpheme（词素）: the smallest unit i

28、n terms of relationship between expression and content.4.Allomorph（同质异象变体）： some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.5.Types of morphemes: They are roots,词根） affix （词缀） and stem （词干）.6.Lexicon（语言词汇）：in its most general sense, is synonymous with voc

29、abulary.7.Closed-classwords（封 闭性） and open-class words（开放性）：the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle（实际上） indefinite or unlimited.8.Word class词性）:It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.9.Lexeme（词 位）:the smallest unit in the

30、meaning system of a language that can bedistinguished from other smaller units.10.Idiom（习语，成语）：Most phrasal lexemes areidioms .It is especially true for a sequenceof words（词序） which is semantically （语义上） and often syntactically句法上） restricted.（限制）11.Collocation（搭配）：the habitual（习惯的） co-occurrences （

31、同时出现）of individual lexical items.V.Syntax 句法）1.Positional relation or word order（词序）：the sequential顺序） arrangement of words in a language.2.Construction or constituent 句子结构）： the overall process of internal 内部） organization of a grammatical unit .3.Syntactic function（句法功能）： the relationship between

32、a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressedin terms of subjects,objects, predicates, modifiers,（修W 语） complements（补语），etc.4.Category（范畴）：It refers to classesand functions in its narrow sense,e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, n