可以粘贴复制的版本剑桥雅思真题Test.docx

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可以粘贴复制的版本剑桥雅思真题Test

Test2

READING

READINGPASSAGE1

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.

Whypagodas

don,t

falldown

Inalandsweptbytyphoonsandshakenbyearthquakes,howhaveJapan'stallestandseeminglyflimsiestoldbuildings-500orsowoodenpagodas-remainedstandingforcenturies?

Recordsshowthatonlytwohavecollapsedduringthepast1400years.Thosethathavedisappearedweredestroyedbyfireasaresultoflightningorcivilwar.ThedisastrousHanshinearthquakein1995killed6,400people,toppledelevatedhighways,flattenedofficeblocksanddevastatedtheportareaofKobe.Yetitleftthemagnificentfive-storeypagodaattheTojitempleinnearbyKyotounscathed,thoughitlevelledanumberofbuildingsintheneighbourhood.

Japanesescholarshavebeenmystifiedforagesaboutwhythesetall,slenderbuildingsaresostable.Itwasonlythirtyyearsagothatthebuildingindustryfeltconfidentenoughtoerectofficeblocksofsteelandreinforcedconcretethathadmorethanadozenfloors.Withitsspecialshockabsorberstodampentheeffectofsuddensidewaysmovementsfromanearthquake,thethirty-six-storeyKasumigasekibuildingincentralTokyo-Japan'sfirstskyscraper-wasconsideredamasterpieceofmodernengineeringwhenitwasbuiltin1968.

Yetin826,withonlypegsandwedgestokeephiswoodenstructureupright,themasterbuilderKobodaishihadnohesitationinsendinghismajesticTojipagodasoaringfifty-fivemetresintothesky-nearlyhalfashighastheKasumigasekiskyscraperbuiltsomeelevencenturieslater.Clearly,Japanesecarpentersofthedayknewafewtricksaboutallowingabuildingtoswayandsettleitselfratherthanfightnature'sforces.Butwhatsortoftricks?

Themulti-storeypagodacametoJapanfromChinainthesixthcentury.AsinChina,theywerefirstintroducedwithBuddhismandwereattachedtoimportanttemples.TheChinesebuilttheirpagodasinbrickorstone,withinnerstaircases,andusedtheminlatercenturiesmainlyaswatchtowers.WhenthepagodareachedJapan,however,itsarchitecturewasfreelyadaptedtolocalconditions-theywerebuiltlesshigh,typicallyfiveratherthanninestoreys,mademainlyofwoodandthestaircasewasdispensedwithbecausetheJapanesepagodadidnothaveanypracticalusebutbecamemoreofanartobject.BecauseofthetyphoonsthatbatterJapaninthesummer,Japanesebuilderslearnedtoextendtheeavesofbuildingsfurtherbeyondthewalls.Thispreventsrainwatergushingdownthewalls.PagodasinChinaandKoreahavenothingliketheoverhangthatisfoundonpagodasinJapan.

40

Reading

TheroofofaJapanesetemplebuildingcanbemadetooverhangthesidesofthestructurebyfiftypercentormoreofthebuilding'soverallwidth.Forthesamereason,thebuildersofJapanesepagodasseemtohavefurtherincreasedtheirweightbychoosingtocovertheseextendedeavesnotwiththeporcelaintilesofmanyChinesepagodasbutwithmuchheavierearthenwaretiles.

ButthisdoesnottotallyexplainthegreatresilienceofJapanesepagodas.Istheanswerthat,likeatallpinetree,theJapanesepagoda-withitsmassivetrunk-likecentralpillarknownasshinbashira-simplyflexesandswaysduringatyphoonorearthquake?

Forcenturies,manythoughtso.Buttheanswerisnotsosimplebecausethestartlingthingisthattheshinbashiraactuallycarriesnoloadatall.Infact,insomepagodadesigns,itdoesnotevenrestontheground,butissuspendedfromthetopofthepagoda-hanginglooselydownthroughthemiddleofthebuilding.Theweightofthebuildingissupportedentirelybytwelveouterandfourinnercolumns.

Andwhatistheroleoftheshinbashira,thecentralpillar?

Thebestwaytounderstandtheshinbashira'sroleistowatchavideomadebyShuzoIshida,astructuralengineeratKyotoInstituteofTechnology.MrIshida,knowntohisstudentsas'ProfessorPagoda'becauseofhispassiontounderstandthepagoda,hasbuiltaseriesofmodelsandtestedthemona'shake-table'inhislaboratory.Inshort,theshinbashirawasactinglikeanenormousstationarypendulum.Theancientcraftsmen,apparentlywithouttheassistanceofveryadvancedmathematics,seemedtograsptheprinciplesthatwere,morethanathousandyearslater,appliedintheconstructionofJapan'sfirstskyscraper.Whatthoseearlycraftsmenhadfoundbytrialanderrorwasthatunderpressureapagoda'sloosestackoffloorscouldbemadetoslithertoandfroindependentofoneanother.Viewedfromtheside,thepagodaseemedtobedoingasnakedance-witheachconsecutivefloormovingintheoppositedirectiontoitsneighboursaboveandbelow.Theshinbashira,runningupthroughaholeinthecentreofthebuilding,constrainedindividualstoreysfrommovingtoofarbecause,aftermovingacertaindistance,theybangedintoit,transmittingenergyawayalongthecolumn.

AnotherstrangefeatureoftheJapanesepagodaisthat,becausethebuildingtapers,witheachsuccessivefloorplanbeingsmallerthantheonebelow,noneoftheverticalpillarsthatcarrytheweightofthebuildingisconnectedtoitscorrespondingpillarabove.Inotherwords,afive-storeypagodacontainsnotevenonepillarthattravelsrightupthroughthebuildingtocarrythestructuralloadsfromthetoptothebottom.MoresurprisingisthefactthattheindividualstoreysofaJapanesepagoda,unliketheircounterpartselsewhere,arenotactuallyconnectedtoeachother.Theyaresimplystackedoneontopofanotherlikeapileofhats.Interestingly,suchadesignwouldnotbepermittedundercurrentJapanesebuildingregulations.

Andtheextra-wideeaves?

Thinkofthemasatightropewalker'sbalancingpole.Thebiggerthemassateachendofthepole,theeasieritisforthetightropewalkertomaintainhisorherbalance.Thesameholdstrueforapagoda.'Withtheeavesextendingoutonallsideslikebalancingpoles,'saysMrIshida,'thebuildingrespondstoeventhemostpowerfuljoltofanearthquakewithagracefulswaying,neveranabruptshaking.'Hereagain,Japanesemasterbuildersofathousandyearsagoanticipatedconceptsofmodernstructuralengineering.

Test2

Questions1-4

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?

Inboxes1-4onyouranswersheet,write

YESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriter

NOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

1OnlytwoJapanesepagodashavecollapsedin1400years.

2TheHanshinearthquakeof1995destroyedthepagodaattheTojitemple.

3TheotherbuildingsneartheTojipagodahadbeenbuiltinthelast30years.

4Thebuildersofpagodasknewhowtoabsorbsomeofthepowerproducedbysevereweatherconditions.

Questions5-10

Classifythefollowingastypicalof

AbothChineseandJapanesepagodas

BonlyChinesepagodas

ConlyJapanesepagodas

Writethecorrectletter,A,BorC,inboxes5-10onyouranswersheet.

5easyinterioraccesstotop

6tilesoneaves

7useasobservationpost

8sizeofeavesuptohalfthewidthofthebuilding

9originalreligiouspurpose

10floorsfittinglooselyovereachother

42

Questions11-13

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.

Writethecorrectletterinboxes11-13onyouranswersheet,

11InaJapanesepagoda,theshinbashira

Abearsthefullweightofthebuilding.

Bbendsunderpressurelikeatree.

Cconnectsthefloorswiththefoundations.

Dstopsthefloorsmovingtoofar.

12ShuzoIshidaperformsexperimentsinorderto

Aimproveskyscraperdesign.

Bbeabletobuildnewpagodas.

Clearnaboutthedynamicsofpagodas.

Dunderstandancientmathematics.

13ThestoreysofaJapanesepagodaare

Alinkedonlybywood.

Bfastenedonlytothecentralpillar.

Cfittedlooselyontopofeachother.

Djoinedbyspecialweights.

Test2

READINGPASSAGE2

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.

TheTrueCostofFood

l

AFormorethanfortyyearsthecostoffoodhasbeenrising.Ithasnowreachedapointwhereagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethatitisfartoohigh,andthatbringingitdownwillbeoneofthegreatchallengesofthetwentyfirstcentury.Thatcost,however,isnotinimmediatecash.IntheWestatleast,mostfoodisnowfarcheapertobuyinrelativetermsthanitwasin1960.Thecostisinthecollateraldamageoftheverymethodsoffoodproductionthathavemadethefoodcheaper:

inthepollutionofwater,theenervationofsoil,thedestructionofwildlife,theharmtoanimalwelfareandthethreattohumanhealthcausedbymodernindustrialagriculture.

BFirstmechanisation,thenmassuseofchemicalfertilisersandpesticides,thenmonocultures,thenbatteryrearingoflivestock,andnowgeneticengineering-theonwardmarchofintensivefarminghasseemedunstoppableinthelasthalf-century,astheyieldsofproducehavesoared.Butthedamageithascausedhasbeencolossal.InBritain,forexample,manyofourbest-lovedfarmlandbirds,suchastheskylark,thegreypartridge,thelapwingandthecornbunting,havevanishedfromhugestretchesofcountryside,ashaveevenmorewildflowersandinsects.Thisisadirectresultofthewaywehaveproducedourfoodinthelastfourdecades.Thousandsofmilesofhedgerows,thousandsofponds,havedisappearedfromthelandscape.ThefaecalfilthofsalmonfarminghasdrivenwildsalmonfrommanyofthesealochsandriversofScotland.Naturalsoilfertilityisdroppinginmanyareasbecauseofcontinuousindustrialfertiliserandpesticideuse,whilethegrowthofalgaeisincreasinginlakesbecauseo