警惕犯下GRE写作七宗罪.docx

警惕犯下GRE写作七宗罪.docx

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警惕犯下GRE写作七宗罪

警惕犯下GRE写作“七宗罪”

警惕犯下GRE写作〝七宗罪〞

第一宗罪无因果联系

Theauthorcommitsafallacyofcausaloversimplification.Thelineofthe

reasoningisthatbecauseAoccurredbeforeB,theformereventisresponsible

forthelatter.（TheauthorusesthepositivecorrelationbetweenAandBto

establishcausality.However,thefactthatAcoincideswithBdoesnot

necessarilyprovethatAcausedB.）Butthisisfallaciousreasoningunless

otherpossiblecausale_planationshavebeenconsideredandruledout.For

e_ample,perhapsCisthecauseoftheseeventsorperhapsBiscausedbyD.

第二宗罪样本不足

Theevidencetheauthorprovidesisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusion

drawnfromit.Onee_ampleislogicallyunsoundedtoestablishageneral

conclusion（Thestatisticsfromonlyafewrecentyearsarenotnecessarilya

goodindicatoroffuturetrends）,unlessitcanbeshownthatA1is

representativeofallA.Itispossiblethat....Infact,infaceofsuch

limitedevidence,theconclusionthatBiscompletelyunwarranted.

第三宗罪错误类比

TheargumentrestsontheassumptionthatAisanalogoustoBinall

respects.Thisassumptionisweak,sincealthoughtherearepointsofcomparison

betweenAandB,thereismuchdissimilarityaswell.Fore_ample,A...,

however,B....Thus,itislikelymuchmoredifficultforBtodo....

第四宗罪时地全等

Theauthorcommitsthefallacyof〝allthingsareequal〞.Thefactthat

happenedtwoyearsagoisnotasoundevidencetodrawaconclusionthat....The

authorassumeswithoutjustificationthatthebackgroundconditionshave

remainedthesameatdifferenttimesoratdifferentlocations.However,itis

notclearinthisargumentwhetherthecurrentconditionsatAAarethesameas

theyusedtobetwoyearsago.Thusitisimpossibletoconcludethat....

第五宗罪二者择一

TheauthorassumesthatAAandBBaremutuallye_clusivealternativesand

thereisnoroomforamiddleground.However,theauthorprovidesnoreasonfor

imposinganeither-orchoice.CommonsensetellsusthatadjustingbothAAand

BBmightproducebetterresults.

第六宗罪可疑调查

Thepollcitedbytheauthoristoovaguetobeinformative.Theclaimdoes

notindicatewhoconductedthepoll,whoresponded,orwhen,whereandhowthe

pollwasconducted.（Lackinginformationaboutthenumberofpeoplesurveyedand

thenumberofrespondents,itisimpossibletoaccessthevalidityofthe

results.Fore_ample,if200personsweresurveyedbutonly2responded,the

conclusionthat...wouldbehighlysuspect.Becausetheargumentoffersno

evidencethatwouldruleoutthiskindofinterpretations,）Untilthese

questionsareanswered,theresultsofthesurveyareworthlessasevidencefor

theconclusion.

第七宗罪结论无据

Theauthorfalselydependsongratuitousassumptionthat....However,no

evidenceisstatedintheargumenttosupportthisassumption.Infact,thisis

notnecessarilythecase.Fore_ample,itismorelikelythat....Therefore,

thisargumentisunwarrantedwithoutrulingoutsuchpossibility

GREissue写作优秀实例:

挽救濒危物种

题目:

Atvarioustimesinthegeologicalpast,manyspecieshavebecomee_tinct

asaresultofnatural,ratherthanhuman,processes.Thus,thereisno

justificationforsocietytomakee_traordinaryefforts,especiallyatagreat

costinmoneyandjobs,tosaveendangeredspecies.

在过去不同的地质时期,许多的物种因为自然作用而非人类行为而灭绝.因此,人类社会为了挽救濒危物种而付出的巨大努力,尤其是以大量的资金和工作机会为代价,这样做是毫无道理的.

正文:

Astheproblemofecologicalbecomingmoreserious,thereismuch

controversyovertheissueofwhethersocietyshouldmakee_traordinaryefforts

tosaveendangeredspecies.Somebodyclaimsthatwedonothavetospendagreat

costinmoneyandjobstodothatresultfromthatatvarioustimesinthe

geologicalpast,manyspecieshavebecomee_tinctbecauseofnatural.However,I

donotagreethisargument.

Indeed,therearecertainspecieswouldbecomee_traordinarythatisnot

relevanttohumanbeings,however,whichcannotbethee_cuseforsocietyto

shirktheresponsibilitytoprotectthem.TheDarwinstheoryofevolutiontells

usthatonlythespecieswhichsuitforthenaturalwillliveinthesociety.

AndthereisalsoasayinginChinathatthefittestsurvive.Tobalancethe

ecological,naturalitselfwillchoosethebestspeciesthatisuseful,which

willnotdestroythebiologicalsystem.However,sincethehumanbeings

appeared,especiallyasthecontemporarysocietydeveloping,thee_tinctionof

thespeciesisaccelerated.Thisaccelerationmakesseriouslyinfluenceonthe

natural,anddestroysthebalanceofthegeological.Thereisamassofdata

showingthathowmanyspeciesdisappearedeveryyear,everyday,everyhour,

eveneverysecond,whichmakespeoplee_tremelyamazed.Inrecentyears,the

largestanimalintheworld--whaleiscatchedandkilledatabigquantitywhich

usedtomakingthewhaleoilandproducefoodforpeoplespets.Asaresult

fromhumanbeingsvanityanddesire,manypreciousspeciesaregoingto

e_tinct.Undoubtedly,humanbeingshouldberesponsibleforthedestroysonthe

natural.

Additionally,keepingthebalanceofthegeologicalsystemisimportantfor

humanbeingstoliveinthenatural.Weknowthatthereareinnumerablechains

ofbiologyinthegeological,andhumanbeingsareonespeciesinoneofthe

chains.Everyminute,weareabsorbingenergyfromnatural.Ourfoodscomefrom

differentotherspecies.Nowthespeciesaredisappearingsofastthatitisvery

impossiblethatthene_tspecieswhiche_tinctisthemostimportantfoodsource

ofhumanbeings.Moreover,ourbodyisbenefitfrominnumerableecological

beings.Sometimes,certainboringinsects（suchasthemosquito,flyandso

forth）arelikelytohavenobenefitforus,andwemustbelievethatwewill

livebetterifthemosquitoallovertheworddisappeared.However,therewillbe

agreatnumberofantibodiesthatarepouredintothehumanbeingsbodyasa

resultfromthemosquitobitinguswhichincreaseourimmunityfrom

diseases.Then,spendacostinmoneyandajobtosaveendangeredspeciesisour

responsibility.

Insummary,besideshumanbeings,everyspeciesinthenaturalareall

equally.Weareadvancejustontheintellectandemotion.Wehavenorightto

destroyotherspecies.Ifwedothat,wewillbepunishedbythenatural.Sowe

shouldmakeourbestefforts,nomatterhowgreatcostinmoneyandjobswehave

topay,tosaveendangeredspeciesbecausethedevelopmentofhumanbeings

acceleratesthee_tinctionofspecies.

GREissue写作优秀实例:

现代社会

题目:

Somuchisnewandcomple_todaythatlookingbackforanunderstandingof

thepastprovideslittleguidanceforlivinginthepresent.

现代社会是如此的崭新和复杂以至于回首了解过去对于当代生活已经没有太大帮助了.

正文:

Generallyspeaking,bysayinglookingbackwegeneralrefertolookin

retrospectabouthistory,which,asclaimedbyBritishphilosopherFrancis

Bacon,makesmenwise.Concerningabouthistory,thespeakermaintainsthat

lookingbackforanunderstandingofthepastprovideslittleguidancefor

livinginthepresentsincesomuchisnewandcomple_today.Inmyview,

althoughthespeakersstatementisnotwithoutsupportfromdailye_perience,

itmissesthepointofthefunctionofhistory.Letmeillustrateitas

follows.

Admittedly,duringpastdecadeswewitnessagreatdealofchangesand

advancewithanever-greaterspeedthatnoanye_periencecanserveasapanacea

foranyproblem.Itisbecausethatthepeoplelivinginthepasttimewerenot

sointelligentasthoselivinginthecontemporaryworld,andtheirtunnelviews

canneverstandcomparisonwithourbroadhorizons.Thusitisreasonableto

claimthatlookingbackforanunderstandingofthepastprovideslittle

guidanceforlivinginthepresent.Fore_ample,howcanweturntohistoryfor

themoralriskswefaceposedbycloning,ifinretrospectnosuchatechnology

evere_istedinthepasttimes?

And,howcanwefindanswersaboutsolvingthe

psychologicalproblemsspringingfromincreasinglyfastlivingpacesincein

ancientnoonewouldhaveeverimaginedliveinsuchafastpace?

Sointhis

respectthespeakersclaimthatitisoflittleusetolookbackforguidance

oflivinginthepresent,sincesomanyproblemsthatpeoplelivinginthepast

simplycouldnotimagine,nottomentionleaveacertainsolutionfortheir

futuregenerations.

Notwithstandingtheforegoingconcession,Ifundamentallydisagreewiththe

speakerthatlookingbackforanunderstandingofthepastprovideslittle

guidanceforlivinginthepresent.Inotherwords,historyhaslittletodo

withpresentlife,asthespeakerasserts.History,inthefirstplace,provides

ussomelessonswhichwillhelpusmakecorrectdecisionswhenfacingstubborn

problems.Afterall,humanknowledgeisacumulativedatabase,andwithoutthe

endeavorofpastgenerations,suchafortunecanneverbefoundbypeopleliving

inmoderntimes.Historyinformsusthatanyendeavor,policy,regulationtrying

toregulatemoralitywillundoubtedlyfail,asaptlyillustratedbythe

Prohibitionin_30sinU.S.andrecentfailinregulatingmaritalissuesvia

internet.Andwealsoslowlylearnfromthehistorylessonsthatanymonocrat

willdoubtlesslyfail,forthereasonthattheadvanceofsocietyandhuman

beingscallsforamorecivilized,democraticpolicythatthosemonocratssimply

cannotbringabout.Fore_ample,Hitler,Stalin,andmanyancientemperorsall

failedwiththeirdespoticpolicies.Insum,historyteachesusimportant

lessonswiththehelpofwhichtherewillbefewermistakesinmoder