论鲁滨逊漂流记中的个人主义.docx

论鲁滨逊漂流记中的个人主义.docx

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论鲁滨逊漂流记中的个人主义

分类号　　　　　　　　密级

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华中师范大学汉口分校

本科毕业论文（设计）

题目OnIndividualisminRobinsonCrusoe

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二○一一年三月

华中师范大学汉口分校

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TableofContents

内容摘要……………………………………………………………………………………………………………4

关键词……………………………………………………………………………………………………………4

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

KEYWORDS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

Ⅰ.Introduction6

Ⅱ.IntroductionofIndividualism9

2.1DefinitionandMeaningofIndividualism9

2.2DevelopmentandInfluenceofIndividualism10

Ⅲ.AnAnalysisofIndividualisminRobinsonCrusoe12

3.1SanctityandPersonalityoftheIndividual12

3.2UnlimitedPotentialoftheIndividual13

3.3Self-SufficiencyandSelf-GovernmentoftheIndividual15

Ⅳ.TheOriginsofIndividualisminRobinsonCrusoe17

4.1ThePuritanIndividualisminRobinsonCrusoe17

4.1.1TheShapingForceArisingfromtheAuthor’sTimes18

4.1.2TheEnlightenmentofHumanism19

4.2TheIndividualismCoupledwithColonialisminRobinsonCrusoe19

IVConclusion23

Bibliography24

Acknowledgement25

论《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的个人主义

摘要:

笛福是十八世纪英国第一位现实主义作家，其代表作品《鲁滨逊漂流记》是第一部个人自传体小说。

在这部作品中，笛福首次确立了个人与自我在小说中的重要地位，体现了明显的个人主义特征，强调和追求个人生活的独立。

这篇论文试图结合当时的社会历史背景分析《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的个人主义思想产生的根源。

本文由以下五部分组成.前言部分简要介绍了笛福的个人背景、以及《鲁滨逊漂流记》的特色。

第二部分介绍了中西方对个人主义的定义以及个人主义产生的影响。

文章第三部分从个人的圣神性和人的个性，个人的无限潜力，个人的自足和自治四个放面分析了个人主义在《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的体现。

第四部分结合当时的社会历史背景，分别从清教个人主义和殖民主义两个角度分析了《鲁宾逊漂流记》中的个人主义产生的源头。

最后得出结论，《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的个人主义思潮产生的主要社会根源是清教个人主义和殖民主义思想。

关键词：

个人主义；根源；清教个人主义；殖民主义

OnIndividualisminRobinsonCrusoe

Abstract:

ThenovelRobinsonCrusoe,themasterpieceofDanielDefoewhoisthefirstBritishrealistwriterinthe18thcentury,isthe1stautobiographicalnovel.Inthisnovel,Defoehighlighted,forthefirsttimethevalueofindividualsandselfhoodinanovel,andfeaturedindividualism,emphasizingandpursuingtheindependentpersonallife.Thispaperattemptstoanalyze,intheframeworkofthesocialbackground,therootcauseofindividualismreflectedinthisnovel.Thispaperconsistsofthefollowingfiveparts.TheintroductiongivesageneralaccountofDefoe’sbackgroundinformation,andabriefanalysisofthecharacteristicsofRobinsonCrusoe.Thesecondpartdiscussesthedefinitionandinfluenceofindividualismbothathomeandabroad.ThethirdpartdiscussestheembodimentofindividualisminRobinsonCrusoe,fromthefollowingaspects:

thesanctityanduniquenessoftheindividual;unlimitedpotentialityoftheindividual;self-sufficy;andself-governmentoftheindividual.ThefourthpartexploresfromtheviewpointofPuritanIndividualismandColonialism,therootcauseofindividualisminRobinsonCrusoe.TheconclusionpointsoutthatPuritanIndividualismandcolonialismarethesocialandhistoricaloriginsofindividualisminRobinsonCrusoe.Defoe,asarepresentativeoftherisingbourgeoiseulogizedandpopularizedtheindividualisminRobinsonCrusoe.Insodoing,hedefendedthebenefitsofcapitalism.

Keywords:

Individualism;root;PuritanIndividualism;Colonialism

Ⅰ.Introduction

RobinsonCrusoe,amasterpieceofDanielDefoe,wasfirstpublishedin1719andisregardedasbysomecriticsthefirstnovelwritteninEnglish.Thus,DanielDefoeiscalledas“thefatherofEnglishnovel”andpraisedasoneofthepioneersofrealisminEuropeanfiction.

DanielDefoe,theauthorofRobinsonCrusoe,wasborninagoodcommercialfamilyinLondonin1660.Defoediedin1731andwasburiedinBunhillfieldsinLondon.Hisfatherwasabutcher,whobelievedinthePresbyterianChurchwhichwasdifferentfromtheChurchofEngland.Defoe’ssurnamewasFoe,buthenamedhimselfDefoesince1703.Defoeneverwenttouniversities,buthereceivedagoodsecondaryeducation.Hisfatherhadwishedhimtobeaclergyman,buthebecameahosierymerchantinsteadof.

Defoewasenthusiasticaboutpoliticsandtrade,butdidnotachievesuccess.Atfirst,　hewasanactivesupporterof“theGloriousRevolution”.Defoewrotequiteanumberofpamphletstosupportthenewgovernment,whichgainedrecognitionofKingWilliamⅢ.In1720DefoewrotehisfamouspamphletTheShortestwaywiththeDissenters.Inthispamphletheusedironiestosatirizethereligiousdiscriminationofthepolice.HissupportfortheDissentersenragedtheToriesgovernment.ThusDefoewasputintoprison.Whenhecameoutoftheprison,DefoekeptchanginghisattitudetowardsToriesandWhigs.DuringhisimprisonmentDefoe’sbusinesshadbeenruined,soheturnedtojournalismforhislivelihood.From1704to1713heissuedsemimonthlynewsjournalentitledTheReview.HeisconsideredtobethefounderofBritishjournalism.Whenhewasnearly60,hewrotethegreatworkRobinsonCrusoe,whichwasaninstantsuccessandmadehimarecognizedEnglishnovelist.

RobinsonCrusoeasthefoundingoftherealismnovelhasthefar-reachinginfluenceonthedevelopmentofUnitedKingdomandtheEuropeanliterature.RobinsonCrusoe,supposedlybasedontherealadventureofanAlexanderSelkirkwhooncestayedaloneontheuninhabitedislandJuanFernandezforfiveyears,is,infact,aworkofsheerimagination.（Zhangboxiang,1999,12）Thisnoveldescribesastoryaboutadventureinthefirst-personposition:

RobinsonCrusoeisbornintoamiddle-classfamilyandheoftendreamsofgoingtoseavoyages.Althoughhisfatherwantshimtobealawyer,heinsistsgoingintoseawherehemeetswithaseriesofviolentstorms.Finallyaterribleshipwreckoccurs,andRobinsonbeingtheonlysurvivor,succeedsinswimmingtotheshoreofanisland.Robinsonremainsontheislandfortwenty-eightyears.Atfirst,tosurvive,hetriesbyeverypossiblemeanstoshorethestoreofnecessitiesfromthewreckedship,includingbread,rice,barley,corn,planks,leadandgunpowder,anaxeandtowsaws.Fromthenonhelivesaself-sufficientlifeontheisland.Heisdeterminedtochangeandbetterhislivingconditions.Hemanagestoshapeastone-mortarandstrivestomakeearthenwarepots;heexplorestheisland,hunts,makesclothesfromthehidesofthekilledanimals,smokesandsaltsmeat.Afewyearsgoby,andRobinsondiscoversaman’sfootprintoneday.Helearnsthattheislandisoccasionallyvisitedbysomecannibalswhocometocelebratetheirvictoriesanddevourtheircaptives.Ononeofsuchoccasion,Robinsonmanagestosaveoneofthecaptives,whomhenamed你这里用了过去式，建议叙述过去的事情，都统一用过去式。

时态一致是严谨的标志。

Friday.Fromthenon,FridaybecomesRobinson’sfaithfulservant.FinallyanEnglishshiptakesRobinsonandFridaybacktoEngland.Wishingtoseetheislandonceagain,Robinsonpaysavisittoit.Fridayiskilledinanattack.Atlast,Robinsondevelopstheprimitiveislandintohisowncolony.Heisgoodatbusiness,andworkshardforincreasinghispersonalmaterialwealth,whichisthemanifestationofacapitalist.（Jining,2007）.Andhisself-reliance,self-improvement,andself-struggleisthemanifestationofindividualism.（Wangjiayin,2007）

TheauthorofRobinsonCrusoe,DanielDefoehimselfisaRobinsonfigurewhosoughtforwealthallhislife.Hethrewhimselfintotheforeigntradewhichwasoneofthemostprofitablebusinessesintheworld.Defoepraisedhighlyoftrade,hethoughtthatthepeoplewhodoingbusinessallovertheworldthatmetanyhardship,triedanymethodstogetbenefitwereheroes.Thus,Robinsonwasthetypicalcharacterinhismind.Robinson’sspiritwasjustthespiritofDefoe’stime.

ThisthesisattemptstoanalyzeRobinsonCrusoefromtheperspectiveofindividualism,diggingtherootsofindividualisminRobinsonCrusoe.

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Ⅱ.IntroductionofIndividualism

Individualismisthecoreofthebourgeoisworldoutlook,andthefundamentalprincipleofbourgeoismorality.Inthewesternworld,people,whobecamefinanciallyindependent,graduallyhopedtopursuepoliticalrightsandpersonalfreedom.Consequently,thatledtotheoutbreakoftheemergingbourgeoisrevolution（1644）,andduringtheprocessofrevolutionandafterit,individualismgotafurtherdevelopment.Therefore,individualismbecamethedominantideaintherevolutionperiod.

2.1DefinitionandMeaningofIndividualism

Individualismisregardedasbeliefintheprimaryimportanceoftheindividualandinthevirtuesofself-relianceandpersonalindependence.Individualismisadoctrineadvocatingfreedomfromgovernmentregulationinthepursuitofaperson'seconomicgoals,adoctrineholdingthattheinterestsoftheindividualshouldtakeprecedenceovertheinterestsofthestateorsocialgroup.（A）

Besides,inorientalcountries,biasesandprejudicestowardsindividualismhavelongexisted.TakeourcountryChinaforexample:

individualismbecomesthenicknameofimmoralityandselfishness.Thenormativesayingisthat“individualismisthesourceofallevils”.Ourauthoritativedictionary,“CiHai”hasthetypicalexplanationofsuchunderstanding.Itsaysasthefollowing,“individualismisthethoughtthateverythingisbasedonindividualinterest.Itistheideologicalreflectionofprivateownershipeconomyandthecoreofoutlookandthebasicprincipleofbourgeois.Capitalistsocietyisthelastandmostcompletefromofprivateownership,sothedevelopmentofindividualismgoestosummitincapitalistsociety.”（辞海，2004:

477