完整word版英美概况知识点总结吐血编写推荐文档.docx

完整word版英美概况知识点总结吐血编写推荐文档.docx

《完整word版英美概况知识点总结吐血编写推荐文档.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《完整word版英美概况知识点总结吐血编写推荐文档.docx（28页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

完整word版英美概况知识点总结吐血编写推荐文档

SurveyoftheUSAFoundation:

1776.7.4.Thefourthlargestcountryintheworld

Position:

thecentralpartofNorthAmerica;AlaskainthenorthwesternpartofNorthAmericaandHawaiiinthecentralPacificOcean.Northerntemperaturezone.

North:

Canada;South:

Mexico,theGulfofMexico;East:

AtlanticOcean;West:

PacificOcean

Area:

6%oftheEarth≈thewholeEurope

（三大河流体系）ThethreeriversystemsintheUSAare:

thesystemoftheGulfofMexico,thesystemoftheAtlanticOceanandthesystemofthePacificOcean.

（三大山脉）threegreatmountainranges:

theAppalachianMountains,theRockyMountainsandtheGreatCordilleraMountainRange.

（thePacific河流体系的两大河流）theColumbiaRiverandtheColoradoRiver.

（美国/世界最长的河流）theMississippiRiveristhemostimportantriverinthesystemoftheGulf.

TheRockyMountains（落基山脉）are“thebackboneofthecontinent”.

Greatlake（美国五大湖）TheyarelocatedinthenortheastpartofAmerica.由西至东:

LakeSuperior,LakeMichigan,LakeHuron,LakeErie,andLakeOntario.

（黄石国家公园）YellowstoneNationalPark，Wyoming/（大峡谷）GrandCanyon/

Threebasicgeographicalareasorsurfaceregions:

1）TheAtlanticSeacoastandtheAppalachianMountainsintheeast

EasternCoastalPlain;Thefirst13colonies：

1624,Virginia1629,NewHampshire1632,Maryland

1662,Connecticut1663,RhodeIsland1664,NewYork1664,NewJersey1681,Pennsylvania

1682,Delaware1691,Massachusetts1713,NorthCarolina1713,SouthCarolina1732,Georgia

2）ThegreatMississippiRiverValleyinthemiddle

BetweenAppalachianandtheRockyMountains,2,000kmfromeasttowest

ChicagoGreatPlain:

westpartofMississippiValley

3）TheRockieswesttothePacificOcean

RockyMountains:

thebackboneofthecontinent

YellowStoneNationalPark,

HooverDamLasVegas,thegamblingcity

DeathValley:

85mbelowthesealevel,thelowestplacewiththehighesttemperatureinAmerica

Thehighestpoint:

DenaliinAlaska（20,320feet）

SiliconValley–thecenterofAmerica’selectronicindustry

Threeriversystems:

oneoftheGulfofMexico,oneoftheAtlanticOcean,oneofthePacificOcean

MississippiRiver:

thethirdlongestriverintheworld（NileRiver,AmazonRiver）“FatherofWaters”

LakeSuperior:

thelargestfreshwaterlakeofitskindintheworld（onlyafterthelargestinlandlakeCaspianSea–saltwaterlake）

LakeMichiganiswhollywithintheUSA

NiagaraFalls:

LakeErie&LakeOntario

GreatSaltLake:

thelargestinlandsaltlakeinNorthAmerica

ThreemountainrangesTheAppalachianMountains，TheRockyMountains，TheGreatCordilleraMountain

People：

Europeanorigin:

80%MeltingpotIndians:

originalinhabitants

NationalAnthem:

theStar-SpangledBanner

NationalFlag:

TheStarsandStripes

Attheleftsideonthetop:

bluebackgroundwithwhitestars–9linesofstars（six,five）;13stripes:

redandwhite;red–bravery,white–freedom,blue–loyaltyandjustice

Fiftystars:

fiftystates;thirteenstripes:

thirteencolonies

SurveyofUK（=theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland）

Position:

NorthwesternEuropeTothenorthofFrance,thewestoftheNetherlands,DenmarkandNorway

Composition（Capital）:

England（London）,Scotland（Edinburgh）,Wales（Cardiff）,NorthernIreland（Belfast）

Geographicfeatures:

TheHighlandZone:

northandwest

TheLowlandZone:

southandsoutheast

ThePennineshasbeencalled“thebackboneofEngland”.

（第一长河流）SevernRiver（第二长河流）ThamesRiver

（最大的内陆湖）LoughNeaghwhichislocatedinNorthernIreland.

Weather:

Dreary,theraininprotracteddrizzlebutnotinheavyshowers.Lackofsunshine:

overcastskiesandfog

FactorsinfluencingEnglishweather

A.theshoresoftheBritishIsles:

warmstreamNorthAtlanticDrift北大西洋暖流

B.westerlywindbelt:

thewestwindfromtheAtlanticOceanismildandmoist西风带

C.theconfigurationofBritain,particularlynumerousinletsmakeoceanicinfluencespenetratemoreeffectively

NationalAnthem:

GodSavetheQueen（King）.Theanthemdemonstratesthespiritofthesocialsystemintermsofconstitutionalmonarchy.

NationalFlag:

UnionJack:

combinesthecrossesofSt.George,St.Andrew,andSt.Patrick

（England）St.George’scrosswasrectangular,redonawhitebackground

（Scotland）St.Andrew’scrosswasdiagonal,whiteonabluebackground

（Ireland）St.Patrick’scrosswasredonawhitebackground

People:

Anglo-Saxons,Celts

BritishHistory:

RomanOccupation（55B.C.–410）

55B.C.,theRomansunderJuliusCaesarinvadedBritain;influenceCeltic

43A.D.:

successfulinvasionFailedtoconquerScotland

Builttwogreatwalls:

Hadrian’sWall,AntonineWall

InfluenceTheinvasionmarkedthebeginningofEnglishrecordedhistory.

Romancivilization:

baths,temples,amphitheatres,roads,cultivation,organizedgovernment,towns,minerals（lead,iron,pottery）Newreligion:

Christianity

NoimpactonthelanguageorculturebecauseRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonsasalaveclass;nointermarry.

NormanConquest

theMiddleEnglishperiod:

theGreatEnglishVowelShift;French’sinfluence

WilliamtheConqueror:

thefirstAnglo-NormankingofEngland,thefirstkingtobecrownedinWestminsterAbbeytheBattleofHastings–October14th,1066

InfluenceSpedupthedevelopmentoffeudalisminEngland。

WilliambuilttheTowerofLondon;strengthenedtheking’spower。

DomesdayBook:

descriptionofEngland–statedtheextent,value,populationandtheownershipoftheland。

Feudalaristocracydevelopedwiththeappearanceofnobletitles。

TheNormanwayoflife,Frenchcivilization。

Changeoflanguage。

ThelastinvasionofEnglandbyfreigners

MagnaCarta（Greatcharter）大宪章（1215）June15,1215,KingJohnsignedGreatCharter

InfluencesThefirststepofconstitutionalexperimentandruleoflaw

Pavedthewayforthenew-bornbourgeoisietogetpoliticalpower

Protectedtherightsofthemerchantclass,whichfacilitatedthedevelopmentofcommerceandhandicraft

LaiddownthebasicrulesfortheEnglishandAmericanlegalsystem

TheWarofRoses（1455-1458）ItisthenamegiventothestrugglefortheEnglishthronebetweentwobranchesoftheEnglishroyalfamily:

theHouseofLancaster,whosevadgewasaredrose,andtheHouseYork,whosebadgewasawhiterose.Thewarslastedforthirtyyearsfrom1455to1485.FromthesewarsEnglishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thefeudalnobilitywasmuchweakened

Causes:

Thenoblestriedtogainpoweranddominatethegovernment。

Noproperjobsforthemercenarysoldierssotheyfoughteachother。

TwobranchesofthePlantagenetfamily:

theHouseofLancastervs.theHouseofYork

DukeofYorktriedtodisplacetheLancasterking,HenryVI。

Name:

SirWalterScott–thebadgeoftheHouseofLancasterwasaredrose;thatofYorkawhiteone

Influences:

theextinguishingofsomanynoblesenabledEnglandtoshakeoffmuchofitsfeudalburdeninitscapitalistdevelopment.Thethinning-outoftheoldbaronystrengthenedthepositionoftheroyalhouseandpavedthewayforthedevelopmentofacentralizedadministration.HenryTudorasHenryVII,thefounderoftheTudorMonarchy;theendingoftheMiddleAges.

ChartistMovement（1836-1848）

Amassmovementoftheworkingclasstofightforequalpoliticalandsocialrights、

ThePeople’sCharter

Significance:

Theworkers’struggleforliberation。

Thefirstnationwideworkingclassmovement

Thefirstbroad,reallymass,politicallyformed,proletarianrevolutionarymovement–Lenin

Causeoffailure

Theparticularsocialconditions。

Leadershipwasweakforthelackofclosecooperationbetweendifferentparticipants。

Theworkingclasswasnotmature。

TheEnglishbourgeoisiewasnotadyingclass

Demandsofthe6pointswereachievedgraduallyovertheperiodof1858–1918,butthesixthwasnotpractical

HundredYears’War（1337-1453）theWarbetweenEnglandandFrance

Causes:

territorialandeconomicdisputes。

TogetbackthelostterritoryontheContinent。

Toexpandforeignmarkets。

SuspectedthatFrancehadbeengivingaidtotheScotsintheiroppositiontoEngland

InfluencesDeprivedtheEnglishkingofhispossessionsoftheContinent。

PavedthewayforthedevelopmentofseparateEnglishandFrenchnationalidentities。

Bi-linguisticperiodinEnglishhistorycametoandend

Todevelopthewoolentextileindustry。

Spedupthedeclineoffeudalism。

Increasedthepowerofthecentralgovernment。

Pushedthegrowingbourgeoisieontoahighersocialstatus

BlackDeath（1348）Thedeadlybubonicplague.AbouthalfthepopulationdiedinEngland,from4to2million

StartedinItaly,spreadtootherpartsofEurope

InfluencesShortageoflabour。

StatuteofLabourers:

itwasacrimeforpeasantstoaskformorewages

PolltaxestofundtheWar。

Discontentamongthepeasants

TheEnclosureActs:

圈地运动

Theclothindustryincreasedthevalueofwool,Raidingsheepbecamemoreprofitable.Thisinconsequenceencouragedthelandlordstoconvertarablelandandthe“Commons”intopastures.Latersomeofthenobilityandmerchantswhohadboughtupmanorsinthecountrysidestartedtoenclosethelandtoo.Largeareasoflandwereoftenhedgedorfencedwithoutanywarningtothepeasants.Thisprocess,whichstartedaftertheBlackDeath,wasknownastheEnclosureMovement.

影响：

Agricultureenclosurehadgoodaswellasbadresultes:

1.Farmsbecamebiggerandbiggerunitesasthegreatboughtupthesmall.

2.Morevegetables,moremilkandmoredairyproductswereconsumed,anddietbecamemorevaried.

3.Enclosurewasadisasterforthetenantsevictedfromtheirlandbytheenclosures.Thesepeasantfarmerswereforcedtolookforworkintowns,enclosureledtomassemigration,particularlytotheNewWorld.

4.Anewclasshostilitywasintroducedintoruralrelationships.

TheWelfareState

Itisasystemofgovernmentbywhichthest