维多利亚时期文学.docx

维多利亚时期文学.docx

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维多利亚时期文学

PartⅧTheVictorianAge（维多利亚时代）

A.TheVictorianAge

1.ItreferstotheperiodofthereignofQueenVictoria,fromheraccessionin1937andherdeathin1901,buttheeraofliteratureisfromtheReformBill（改革法案）in1932totheendoftheBoerWar（布尔战争）in1902.

2.Threephrases:

✧TheearlyVictorianPeriod（1832--1854）,thetimeoftroubles,theReformBill&Chartism

✧Mid—VictorianPeriod（1855—1879）,atimeofeconomicprospering,highestpointofdevelopmentasaworldpower

✧LastPeriod（1880—1902）,atimecharacterizedbydecayofVictorianvalues（e.g.Self-control,familyloyalty,thrift,hardwork,etc）.

B.Thebackground

Amidthemultitudeofsocialandpoliticalforcesofthisgreatage,fourthingsstandoutclearly.

✧First,theageofdemocracy;

✧Second,theageofpopulareducation,ofreligioustolerance;

✧Third,theageofcomparativepeace;

✧Fourth,theageofalltheartsandsciencesandinmechanicalinventions.

C.ChartistMovement（宪章运动）

ChartistMovement（1836-1848）wasorganizedbytheEnglishworkersinbigcitiesandbroughtforththePeople’sCharter,inwhichtheydemandedbasicrightsandbetterlivingandworkingconditions.They,forthreetimes,madeappealstothegovernment,withhundredsofthousandsofpeople'ssignatures.Themovementsweptovermostofthecitiesinthecountry.Althoughthemovementdeclinedtoanendin1848,itdidbringsomeimprovementtothewelfareoftheworkingclass.ThiswasthefirstmassmovementoftheEnglishworkingclass&theearlysignoftheawakeningofthepoor,oppressedpeople.

D.LiteratureCurrent（文学思潮）

1.Chartistliterature（宪章文学）

✧TheEnglishworkingclasscreatedaliteratureofitsownwhichcanbe,infulljustice,calledtheChartistLiterature.

✧TheChartistwritersintroducedanewthemeintoliterature—thestruggleoftheproletariat（无产阶级）foritsrights.

✧SomegreatChartistpoetsareErnestJones（1819-1869）,ThomasCooper（1805-1892）,andWilliamJamesLinton（1812-1897）.

2.CriticalRealism（批判现实主义文学）

✧CriticalRealismisoneoftheliterarygenresthatmainlyflourishedinthe40sandintheearly50sinthe19thcentury.Thecriticalrealistsnotonlygavethecriticismtobourgeoisieandallrulingclasses,buralsoshowedtheirdeepsympathyforthecommonpeople.HencehumorandsatireaboundintheEnglishrealisticnovelsofthe19thcentury.Butthecriticalrealistsdidnotfindawaytoeradicate（根除）socialevils.Theydidnotrealizethenecessityofchangingthebourgeoissociety.Theywereunabletofindagoodsolutiontothesocialcontradictions.Thechieftendencyintheirworksisnotofrevolutionbutratherofreformism.Hereweseeatoncethestrengthandtheweaknessofcriticalrealism.ThreegreatestrepresentativesofCriticalRealismareCharlesDickens（狄更斯）,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray（萨克雷）,andGeorgeEliot（艾略特）.

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H.SomeExercises

1.TheprecisianmaylimittheVictorianperiodtotheyearsbetweentheQueen’saccessionin1837andherdeathin1901,butanewerareallybeganwiththepassageoftheReformBillin1832andclosedattheendoftheBorewarin1902.

2.Victorianliterature,asaproductofitsage,naturallytookonitsqualityofmagnitudeanddiversity.Itwasmany-sackedandcomplex,andreflectedbothromanticallyandrealisticallythegreatchangesthatweregoingoninpeople’slifeandthought.

3.Inthe19thcenturyEnglishliterature,anewliterarytrendcriticalrealismappearedaftertheromanticpoetry,andflourishedinthe40sandintheearly50s.

4.Criticalrealismfounditsexpressionintheformofnovel;mostofthecriticalrealistswerenovelists.

5.Criticalrealismrevealsthecorruptinginfluenceoftheruleofcashuponhumannature.Hereliesintheessentiallydemocraticandhumanisticcharacterifcriticalrealism.

6.TheChartistMovementappearedinthe30softhe19thcentury.

7.ThemostimportantpoetoftheVictorianAgewasTennyson,nexttohim,wereRobertBrowningandhiswife.

8.TheChartistwritersintroducedanewthemeintoliterature:

thestruggleoftheproletariatforitsrights.

9.TheChartistpoetryplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofEnglishproletariatliterature;thegreatestChartistpoetwasErnestJones.

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J.

CharlesDickens（狄更斯）

A.Life

CharlesDickens（1812--1870）wasborninapoorfamilyinthePortsmouth.Hegaveupschoolingtoworkafterhisfatherwasputintotheprisonbecauseofthedebt.In1870,hediedofoverwork.

B.Thethreeperiodofhisliterarycareer

1.thefirstperiodofyouthfuloptimism

AtthisstageDickensbelievedthatalltheevilsofthecapitalistworldwouldberemediedifonlymenbehaved