英语基础知识整理.docx
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英语基础知识整理
第1讲
一、LanguagePoints
1.
share
v.分享、合用:
sharesthwithsb
n.一份,股份
spare
a.业余的,备用的:
sparetime,asparetire
v.抽出,匀给:
sparemefiveminutes/
spareoneofsandwichesfortheboy
sparenoefforts:
不遗余力
sparenoexpense:
不惜工本
save
v.节省,救出
2.
Hefeltluckytohavesurvivedthewar.
3.
withsbabout/oversth:
和某人就某事争论
argue
for/againststh:
赞成/反对…
Sbinto/outof(doing)sth:
说服某人做/不做某事
4.
have/make/let/see/watch/listento
+宾+宾补(do/doing/done)
getsbtodosth
have+宾+宾补(todo/tobedone)
5.
So+同一主语+助动词
So/neither/nor+助动词+另一主语
Soitis/waswith+另一主语
6.
should/oughtto/need/could/might/would+do/havedone
7.
except/but/exceptfor/exceptthat/exceptwh-clause
besides/inaddition
apartfrom
butfor=without
8.
Thefirsttime+从句
Forthefirsttime:
作时间状语
It’sthefirsttime+that-clause(完成时)
thefirst+名词+todo
9.
most
mostofthe+n.(pl)/pron.
themajorityof(the)
mostly:
主要地(状)
10.
beequaltosth:
与…相等
beequalto(doing)sth:
胜任(做)某事
equalsth:
与…相等
equalsbinsth:
在…方面与某人匹敌
11.
compare…to/with…
comparedto/with…
12.
agreatmany
several/twodozen/hundred+n.(pl.)
(many)dozensof
agreatmanyof+the/these/those+n.(pl.)
seveal/twodozenof+pron.
13.
muchtoo+adj/adv(原级)
toomuch+n.(u.)
toomany+n.(pl.)
14.
没有被动态
comeabout(主要用于疑问句、否定句)
happen(表示偶然、碰巧之意)
sth+takeplace(多表示有组织、有计划)
breakout(指战争、灾害、疾病等的爆发)
occur(与happen通用)
Itoccurstosbthat/todo…:
某人突然想起…
15.
n./pron./adj./adv./prep-phrase
todo:
表将来
With+宾+宾补doing:
表正在进行
Done:
表过去
第2讲
一、Languagepoints
1.sb./sth.+adj/n
sb./sth.+todo
consider(以为,认为)+sb./sth.+as
that-clause
n.
consider(考虑)+doing
疑问词+todosth
“把…当作…”的译法:
consider…as
=thinkof/lookon/take/regard/treat/have…as
2.todo
Away+ofdoing
(that/inwhich)+定语从句
Amethodofdoingsth
bythismeans
Youcansolvetheproblem+withthismethod
inthisway
bymeansof:
通过…方式,以…手段
bythis/thatmeans:
通过这种/那种方式
byallmeans:
务必,一定;(用于回答)当然行,请
bynomeans:
决不,一点也不(用于句首时用倒装)
3.protect…(from)doingsth
prevent/stop…(from)doingsth
keep…fromdoing
keep…doing
underthepotectionof…
4.aswell
aswellas
might/mayaswell=hadbetter
5.todo
specially+for-phrase
especially
6.alongtheriver:
沿着河流
overtheriver:
在河的正上方
throughtheforest:
穿过森林
bytheriver:
在河边
onthebank:
在河岸上
7.followtheinstructions
followone’sadvice
asfollows
8.beresponsibletosbforsth
9.n.
doing/todosth
sbtodosth
prefer+sthtosth
doingAtodoingB
todoAratherthandosth
thatsb(should)dosth
10.n.+after+n.=one+n.+afteranother
一个接一个(强调动作的重复)
n.+by+n.:
一个接一个(强调动作的变化)
treeaftertree/daybyday
11.say“hi”tosb.
Pleaseremembermetosb.
向“某人”问好Sendmyregardstosb.
Sendthebestwishestosb.
第3讲
一、Languagepoints
1.owesbsth=owesthtosb:
欠某人某物
owesthtosb/sth:
将…归功于…
owingto…:
由于…
=thanksto/becauseof/dueto…
2.thinkhighly/poorly/little/alot+ofsb/sth
speakhighly/well/badly+ofsb/sth
singhighpraiseforsb/sth
3.apologizetosbfor(doing)sth
makeanapologytosbfor(doing)sth
excusesbfor(doing)sth
forgivesbfor(doing)sth
pardonsbfor(doing)sth
4.makeanimpressiononsb
haveanimpressionofsth
impresssthon/uponone’smind
5.serveinthearmy
ontheoffice
servethepeople/thedish
servesbwithsth=servesthtosb
serveasthechairman
6.makejokesabout:
取笑,拿…开玩笑
=makeajokeabout
laughat:
嘲笑
haveajokewithsb:
开某人的玩笑
playajokeonsb=playtricksonsb:
戏弄
injoke:
闹着玩,开玩笑
7.todo
It’stime+forsth
Forsbtodosth
That-clause(一般过去时)
8.theone/ones:
替代同类事物中特指一个或一些
one:
替代上文提到的同类名词中的一个,表泛指
it:
指上文提到的同一个事物
that:
替代上文出现的带定冠词的名词或不可数名词
9.none:
用来回答howmany/howmuch引导的问句,常与of连用
noone:
只能指人,用来回答who引导的问句
neither:
两者都不,表单数
nothing:
用于指物,用来回答what引导的问句
10.cloth布(u.):
apieceofcloth
表示某种特殊用途的布块(桌布):
Wipeupthewaterwithacloth.
clothes:
衣服,服装。
是一个没有单数形式的复数名词:
Asuitofclothes注:
不能直接用数词修饰,但可用many,few,his,my,thse之类的词修饰,作主语时谓语动词用复数。
clothing:
服装,衣着。
是一个无复数形式的物质名词,除衣服外,还包括幌子,手套,鞋袜之类的东西,作主语时谓语动词用单数。
Apieceofclothing,anartcleofclothing
dress:
指穿在外面的衣服,尤指在社交场合穿的礼服及妇女的连衣裙。
suit:
成套的衣服。
11.live:
活着,有生命的(作定语,主要用来指鸟或其他动物),实况直播的
lively:
活泼的,有生气的,生动的
alive:
活着的,还有气儿的,是表语形容词,在句中作表语或后置定语
living:
活着,健在的,现行的
12.receive:
收到,接到(客观动作);accept:
接受,领受(主观意愿)
接受教育、惩罚、支持,遭受不幸,接待客人:
只用receive
接受某条件、建议:
只用accept
13.turn+adj:
常表示从某种状态向其他状态变化的自然现象
Theweatherhasturnedmuchcolder.
go+adj:
常表示由好变坏的情况:
Themilkwentwrong/bad.
become+adj:
强调施动者的作用或变化的结果
Pleasedon’tgetangry.
come+adj:
一般表示向好的方面变化。
Mydreamhascometrue.
第4讲
一、Languagepoints
1.sth
sthforsth
prepare+forsth
todosth
bepreparedfor
bepreparedtodosth
makepreparationsfor
2.Theytiedforfirstplaceinthegame.
Wetiedwiththevisitingteaminthebasketballmatch.
Thedogistiedtoatree.
3.affectvt.影响
effectn.效果,作用
haveagood/badeffecton
ineffect事实上
causeandeffect因果
takeeffect生效,起作用
comeintoeffect生效,实行
effortn.努力
withouteffort毫不费力
makeeveryeffort尽一切努力
sparenoeffort不遗余力
3.weighvt.称…的重量
vi.重达…,重量为…
putonweight
loseweight
byweight
inmeters/pounds/calories
bytheday/theweek/theyard/thedozen/theton
4.in…参加…比赛
compete+with/against…与…竞赛/竞争
for…角逐…,为获取…而竞赛
5.Wherethereisariver,thereisacity.
Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.
Wherethereislife,thereishope.
6.dosth
notdosth
dosththandosth
wouldrather+=woulddosthratherthandosth
=prefertodosthratherthandosth
that-clause+did──表现在或将来
haddone──表过去
7.dodamagetosth
liveone’sdream
inruins/inpieces
underattack/discussion/construction/consideration/treatment
8.almost:
差距比nearly小。
可与never,no,noone,none,
nobody,nothing,nowhere等否定词连用,但不能
与not连用。
nearly:
不可与上述否定词连用,但可与not连用,构成
Not…nearly,意为“远非…,远不及…”
第5讲
一、Languagepoints
1.sth:
与…一致/符合
sb:
同意某人
withone’sidea/opinion同意某人的意见
whatsbsaid(观点,所说的话)
toon’splan/arrangement/suggestion
agree同意某人的计划、安排、意见
about/on/uponsth同意做某事
todosth
that-clause
2.of/aboutsth提醒
remindsbtodosth
that-clause使人回忆起…
3.add…to…:
把…加上(在)…
addto=increase:
增添,增进
addup(to):
加(起来是),总计达…
4.successn.(U)成功,(C)成功者/事
succeedv.successfula.successfullyad.
besuccessfulin(doing)sth
succeedindoingsth成功做某事
havesuccessindoingsth
Sb/sthisasuccess.
5.be/stay/keep+intouchwith表状态
beoutoftouchwith
getintouchwith表动作
losetouchwith
6.incaseof+短语
incase+从句
innocase决不
inanycase无论如何
inthatcase如果那样
7.expensive/cheap
valuable/valueless
priceless=veryexpensive:
无价的
8.respond(vi)+to…:
对…回应
with/by:
以…(方式)回答,响应
resonse(n.)
9.beharmfultosb/sth
dosb/sthharm
doharmtosb/sth
dosb/sthgood
dogoodtosb/sth
10.dieout:
(家族、物种等)死光,灭绝;
(习俗、做法、观念)消失,过时;(火)熄灭
dieaway:
(风、声音、光线等)逐渐停止(消失)
diedown:
(指炉火等)渐熄;(指骚动等)渐平息;(指闹声)消失
dieoff:
先后死去了;…死去
dieof:
死于内因(如疾病、年老、饥饿、情感等)
diefrom:
死于外因(如损伤、事故、天灾等)
11.asa/theresultof:
由于…
asaresult:
结果,因此
resultfrom:
因…而引起
resultin=cause:
导致,致使…
12.takemeasurestodosth:
采取措施
makeclothestoone’sownmeasure:
量体裁衣
13.late:
晚,迟,不久前
lately=recently:
近来
last:
最后,最后的
latest:
最近的,最新的
later:
后来;结构常为:
一段时间+later:
过了…之后
14.adapttosth/sb:
适应某物/某人
adaptsth/sbtosth/sb:
使某物/某人适应某物/某人
adaptoneselfto:
使自己适应某事
adaptfrom:
根据…改写/改编
adapt:
指修改或改变以适应新条件
Youshouldadaptyourselftthenewenvironment.
adjust:
是指“调整、调节”使之适应
Youcan’tseethroughthetelescopeuntilitisadjustedto
youreyes
fit:
多指“大小适合”,引申为“吻合”
Theshoesfittedmewell.
suit:
多指“合乎要求、口味、性格、情况”等
Nodishsuitsalltaste.
match:
指“大小、色调、形状、性质等”相配或相称
Aredjacketdoesn’tmatchgreentrousers.
adoptsb:
收养
sth:
采用
15.devoteoneself/time/lifeto
lookforwardtodoingsth
be/getusedto
stickto/getdownto/objectto
16.freeofcharge
forfree
befreefrom
setsb/sthfree
17.byforce:
靠武力,强行
beinforce:
生效
come/gointoforce:
生效
forceone’sway:
强行前进或进入
18.It’sone’sturntodosth:
轮到某人干某事
takeone’sturn:
依次,轮到某人
inturn:
依次,轮流,反过来,转而
byturns:
轮流,交替
taketurns(at)doingsth/todosth:
轮流干某事
第6讲
一、Languagepoints
1.keeparecordof
keeprecordsof
break/beattherecordfor/in+比赛项目
hold/keeptherecordof
set(up)theworldrecordfor/in+比赛项目
setupanewworldrecord
makearecord/makerecords
play/putonarecord
2.sb/sth=besatisfiedwithsb/sth
satisfyone’sdesires/hunger/thirst
theconditions
toone’ssatisfaction
adj.:
satisfying,satisfied,satisfactory
3.treatadisease
sb
treatsb/oneself(tosth)
Thisismytreat.
Dutchtreat
4.explain/whispersthtosb
=explain/whispertosbsth
inawhisper=inwhispers
5.character:
性格,人物,汉字
characteristic:
特征,特点
6.troublesbtodo
betroubledwith
ask/lookfortrouble
getintotrouble
beintrouble
getoutoftrouble
havetrouble(in)doingsth
havetroublewithsth
maketrouble:
闹事
take(the)troubletodo:
尽力/设法做…
putsbtothetroubleofdoing:
麻烦某人做…
7.turnonturnoff
turningive/handout
turnupturndown
turnaround/round
turnaway
turnover
turnback
turnout(tobe)
turntosb/sth
7.onlyif…:
只有,只要…
haddone──过去
ifonly:
要是…该多好+did/were──现在
would/shoulddo将来
did/were
9.atonetime=once
attimes=sometimes
atalltimes=always
atatime=eachtime
foratime=forsometime
atnotime
atthesametime
10.supplysthtosb=supplysbwithsth
providesthforsb=providesbwithsth
offersbsth=offersthtosb
11.haveahabitofdoing
form/developthehabitof
beinthehabitof
12.facethemusic:
临危不惧
pla