英语基础知识整理.docx

1、英语基础知识整理第1讲一、Language Points1.sharev. 分享、合用：share sth with sbn. 一份，股份sparea. 业余的，备用的：spare time, a spare tirev. 抽出，匀给：spare me five minutes/spare one of sandwiches for the boyspare no efforts：不遗余力 spare no expense：不惜工本savev. 节省，救出2.He felt lucky to have survived the war.3.with sb about/over sth：和某人就

2、某事争论arguefor/against sth：赞成/反对Sb into/out of (doing) sth：说服某人做/不做某事4.have/make/let/see/watch/listen to+宾+宾补(do/doing/done)get sb to do sthhave+宾+宾补(to do/to be done)5.So+同一主语+助动词So/neither/nor+助动词+另一主语So it is/was with+另一主语6.should/ought to/need/could/might/would+do/have done7.except/but/except for/

3、except that/except wh-clausebesides/in additionapart frombut for=without8.The first time+从句For the first time：作时间状语Its the first time+that-clause(完成时)the first+名词+to do9.mostmost of the +n.(pl)/pron. the majority of (the)mostly: 主要地（状）10.be equal to sth：与相等be equal to (doing) sth：胜任(做)某事equal sth：与相

4、等equal sb in sth：在方面与某人匹敌pareto/withcompared to/with12.a great manyseveral/two dozen/hundred +n.(pl.)(many) dozens ofa great many of +the/these/those+n.(pl.)seveal/two dozen of +pron.13.much too+adj/adv(原级)too much+n.(u.)too many+n.(pl.)14. 没有被动态 come about(主要用于疑问句、否定句) happen(表示偶然、碰巧之意)sth+ take pl

5、ace(多表示有组织、有计划) break out(指战争、灾害、疾病等的爆发) occur(与happen通用) It occurs to sb that/to do：某人突然想起15. n./pron./adj./adv./prep-phrase to do：表将来With+宾+宾补 doing：表正在进行 Done：表过去第2讲一、Language points1. sb./sth.+adj/n sb./sth.+to do consider(以为，认为) sb./sth.+as that-clause n. consider(考虑) doing 疑问词+to do sth “把当作”的

6、译法：consideras =think of/look on/take/regard/treat/haveas2. to do A way+ of doing (that/in which)+定语从句 A method of doing sth by this meansYou can solve the problem+ with this method in this wayby means of:通过方式，以手段by this/that means:通过这种/那种方式 by all means:务必，一定；（用于回答）当然行，请 by no means:决不，一点也不（用于句首时用倒装

7、）3. protect(from) doing sth prevent/stop(from) doing sth keepfrom doing keepdoing under the potection of4. as well as well as might/may as well=had better5. to do specially+ for-phrase especially6. along the river:沿着河流 over the river:在河的正上方 through the forest:穿过森林 by the river:在河边 on the bank:在河岸上7.

8、 follow the instructions follow ones advice as follows8. be responsible to sb for sth9. n. doing/to do sth sb to do sthprefer+ sth to sth doing A to doing B to do A rather than do sth that sb (should) do sth10. n.+after +n.=one +n. +after another 一个接一个（强调动作的重复） n. +by +n.: 一个接一个（强调动作的变化） tree after

9、tree/day by day11. say “hi” to sb. Please remember me to sb.向“某人”问好 Send my regards to sb. Send the best wishes to sb.第3讲一、Language points1. owe sb sth=owe sth to sb:欠某人某物 owe sth to sb/sth: 将归功于 owing to: 由于 thanks to/because of/due to2. think highly/poorly/little/a lot +of sb/sth speak highly/well

10、/badly +of sb/sth sing high praise for sb/sth3. apologize to sb for (doing) sth make an apology to sb for (doing) sth excuse sb for (doing) sth forgive sb for (doing) sth pardon sb for (doing) sth4. make an impression on sb have an impression of sth impress sth on/upon ones mind5. serve in the army

11、on the office serve the people/the dish serve sb with sth=serve sth to sb serve as the chairman6. make jokes about: 取笑， 拿开玩笑make a joke about laugh at: 嘲笑 have a joke with sb: 开某人的玩笑 play a joke on sb=play tricks on sb: 戏弄 in joke: 闹着玩，开玩笑7. to do Its time+ for sth For sb to do sth That-clause（一般过去时

12、）8. the one/ones:替代同类事物中特指一个或一些 one: 替代上文提到的同类名词中的一个，表泛指 it: 指上文提到的同一个事物 that: 替代上文出现的带定冠词的名词或不可数名词9. none: 用来回答how many/how much引导的问句，常与of连用 no one: 只能指人，用来回答who引导的问句 neither: 两者都不，表单数 nothing: 用于指物，用来回答what引导的问句10. cloth 布(u.): a piece of cloth 表示某种特殊用途的布块（桌布）：Wipe up the water with a cloth. cloth

13、es: 衣服，服装。是一个没有单数形式的复数名词： A suit of clothes 注：不能直接用数词修饰，但可用many, few, his, my, thse之类的词修饰，作主语时谓语动词用复数。 clothing: 服装，衣着。是一个无复数形式的物质名词，除衣服外，还包括幌子，手套，鞋袜之类的东西，作主语时谓语动词用单数。A piece of clothing, an artcle of clothing dress: 指穿在外面的衣服，尤指在社交场合穿的礼服及妇女的连衣裙。 suit: 成套的衣服。11. live: 活着，有生命的(作定语，主要用来指鸟或其他动物)，实况直播的 l

14、ively: 活泼的，有生气的，生动的 alive: 活着的，还有气儿的，是表语形容词，在句中作表语或后置定语 living: 活着，健在的，现行的12. receive: 收到，接到(客观动作)；accept: 接受，领受(主观意愿) 接受教育、惩罚、支持，遭受不幸，接待客人：只用receive 接受某条件、建议：只用accept13. turn+adj: 常表示从某种状态向其他状态变化的自然现象 The weather has turned much colder. go+adj: 常表示由好变坏的情况：The milk went wrong/bad. become+adj: 强调施动者的

15、作用或变化的结果 Please dont get angry. come+adj: 一般表示向好的方面变化。 My dream has come true.第4讲一、Language points1. sth sth for sth prepare+ for sth to do sth be prepared for be prepared to do sth make preparations for2. They tied for first place in the game.We tied with the visiting team in the basketball match.T

16、he dog is tied to a tree.3. affect vt. 影响 effect n. 效果，作用 have a good/bad effect on in effect事实上 cause and effect因果 take effect生效，起作用 come into effect生效，实行 effort n. 努力 without effort毫不费力 make every effort尽一切努力 spare no effort不遗余力3. weigh vt. 称的重量 vi. 重达， 重量为 put on weight lose weight by weight in m

17、eters/pounds/calories by the day/the week/the yard/the dozen/the ton4. in参加比赛 compete+ with/against与竞赛/竞争 for角逐，为获取而竞赛5. Where there is a river, there is a city.Where there is a will, there is a way.Where there is life, there is hope.6. do sth not do sth do sth than do sth would rather+ =would do st

18、h rather than do sth =prefer to do sth rather than do sth that-clause+ did表现在或将来 had done表过去7. do damage to sthlive ones dreamin ruins/in piecesunder attack/discussion/construction/consideration/treatment8. almost: 差距比nearly小。可与never, no, no one, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere等否定词连用，但不能 与not连用。nearl

19、y: 不可与上述否定词连用，但可与not连用，构成 Notnearly, 意为“远非，远不及”第5讲一、Language points1. sth：与一致/符合 sb：同意某人 with ones idea/opinion 同意某人的意见 what sb said (观点，所说的话) to ons plan/arrangement/suggestionagree 同意某人的计划、安排、意见 about/on/upon sth同意做某事 to do sth that-clause2. of/about sth 提醒 remind sb to do sth that-clause 使人回忆起3.

20、addto：把加上(在) add to=increase：增添，增进 add up (to)：加(起来是)，总计达4. success n.(U)成功，(C)成功者/事 succeed v. successful a. successfully ad. be successful in (doing) sth succeed in doing sth 成功做某事 have success in doing sth Sb/sth is a success.5. be/stay/keep+in touch with 表状态be out of touch withget in touch with

21、表动作lose touch with6. in case of+短语in case+从句 in no case决不 in any case无论如何 in that case如果那样7. expensive/cheapvaluable/valuelesspriceless=very expensive：无价的8. respond (vi)+ to：对回应 with/by：以(方式)回答，响应 resonse (n.)9. be harmful to sb/sthdo sb/sth harmdo harm to sb/sthdo sb/sth gooddo good to sb/sth10. di

22、e out：(家族、物种等)死光，灭绝； (习俗、做法、观念)消失，过时；(火)熄灭die away：(风、声音、光线等)逐渐停止(消失)die down：(指炉火等)渐熄；(指骚动等)渐平息；(指闹声)消失die off：先后死去了；死去die of：死于内因(如疾病、年老、饥饿、情感等)die from：死于外因(如损伤、事故、天灾等)11. as a/the result of：由于as a result：结果，因此result from：因而引起result in=cause：导致，致使12. take measures to do sth：采取措施make clothes to on

23、es own measure：量体裁衣13. late：晚，迟，不久前lately=recently：近来last：最后，最后的latest：最近的，最新的later：后来；结构常为：一段时间later：过了之后14. adapt to sth/sb：适应某物/某人adapt sth/sb to sth/sb：使某物/某人适应某物/某人adapt oneself to：使自己适应某事adapt from：根据改写/改编adapt：指修改或改变以适应新条件 You should adapt yourself t the new environment.adjust：是指“调整、调节”使之适应 Y

24、ou cant see through the telescope until it is adjusted to your eyesfit：多指“大小适合”，引申为“吻合” The shoes fitted me well.suit：多指“合乎要求、口味、性格、情况”等 No dish suits all taste.match：指“大小、色调、形状、性质等”相配或相称 A red jacket doesnt match green trousers.adopt sb：收养 sth：采用15. devote oneself/time/life to look forward to doing

25、 sthbe/get used tostick to/get down to/object to16. free of chargefor freebe free fromset sb/sth free17. by force：靠武力，强行be in force：生效come/go into force：生效force ones way：强行前进或进入18. Its ones turn to do sth：轮到某人干某事take ones turn：依次，轮到某人in turn：依次，轮流，反过来，转而by turns：轮流，交替take turns (at) doing sth/to do

26、sth：轮流干某事第6讲一、Language points1. keep a record ofkeep records ofbreak/beat the record for/in+比赛项目hold/keep the record ofset (up) the world record for/in+比赛项目set up a new world recordmake a record/make recordsplay/put on a record2. sb/sth=be satisfied with sb/sth satisfy ones desires/hunger/thirst the

27、 conditionsto ones satisfactionadj.: satisfying, satisfied, satisfactory3. treat a disease sbtreat sb/oneself (to sth)This is my treat.Dutch treat4. explain/whisper sth to sb=explain/whisper to sb sthin a whisper=in whispers5. character: 性格，人物，汉字characteristic: 特征，特点6. trouble sb to dobe troubled wi

28、thask/look for troubleget into troublebe in troubleget out of troublehave trouble (in) doing sthhave trouble with sthmake trouble：闹事take (the) trouble to do：尽力/设法做put sb to the trouble of doing：麻烦某人做7. turn on turn offturn in give/hand outturn up turn downturn around/round turn awayturn overturn bac

29、kturn out (to be)turn to sb/sth7. only if: 只有，只要 had done过去 if only: 要是该多好 did/were现在 would/should do 将来 did/were 9. at one time=onceat times=sometimesat all times=alwaysat a time=each timefor a time=for some timeat no timeat the same time10. supply sth to sb=supply sb with sthprovide sth for sb=provide sb with sthoffer sb sth=offer sth to sb11. have a habit of doingform/develop the habit ofbe in the habit of12. face the music: 临危不惧pla