英语构词法讲解及相关练习.docx
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英语构词法讲解及相关练习
构词法WordFormation
在英语中，词的构成方式主要有三种：
合成、转化和派生。
一、合成Compounding两个或更多的词合成一个词。
方式：
1.直接写在一起。
2.用连字符（-）连接。
3.由两个分开的词构成。
（1）合成形容词
方式
例词
1形容词＋形容词
red-hot
2形容词＋名词
first-class,full-time,part-time
3形容词＋现在分词
good-looking,free-thinking,
4形容词＋过去分词
ready-made
5形容词＋名词-ed
good-tempered,middle-aged,cold-blooded
6名词＋名词-ed
iron-willed
7名词＋形容词
world-famous,day-long
8名词＋现在分词
beauty-loving,freedom-loving,job-hunting,
9名词＋过去分词
man-made,water-covered,
10副词＋形容词
ever-green
11副词＋现在分词
hard-working,far-seeing
12副词＋过去分词
well-prepared,quickly-cured,well-known
13数词＋名词
five-year
14数词＋名词+形容词
five-year-old
15数词＋名词-ed
four-legged,six-storied
（2）合成动词
构成方式
例词
1名词＋动词
day-dream
2副词＋动词
overcome,upturn翻起
3形容词＋动词
white-wash
（3）合成名词
构成方式
例词
1名词＋名词
horseback,bank-note,newspaper,cellphone,
2形容词＋名词
back-yard,forehead,
3动名词＋名词
hidingplace,reading-room
4动词＋副词
get-off,breakin,
5副词＋动词
output,overflow
（4）合成副词however,maybe,wherever,whenever,forever
（5）合成代词whoever,,whatever,everyone,nobody,myself,something,anything,
二、派生Derivation
前缀
前缀
含义
例词
a-
处在……
arise,aside,alone
en-
使可能
enrich,enable,enslave
dis-
不，否定
dissatisfy,dishonest,disappear,disorder,disagree
un-
不
做相反动作
unable,unknown,uncommon,uncomfortable,unfair,
unclose,undress,uncover,untie
in-
im-
ir-
il-
不，非
inactive,incapable,inpatient,incorrect
impossible,impersonal,impolite,immature,impractical
irregular,irresponsible
illogical,
non-
不，非
nonexistent,non-interference,non-conductor,non-stop
de-
向相反方向发展
Decentralize（分散）,defrost（解冻）
anti-
反（对）
anti-freeze,anti-fascist
mis-
错误的，坏的
misdoings,misunderstand,misfortune
re
重复，再
rewrite,remarry,reunite,recycle,
co-
共同
co-exist,co-operate,co-education
ex
以前的
Ex-husband,ex-president
tele
远程
telephone,telegraph,telescope
super-
在上面，超级
supermarket,superpower,
under-
在……之下
underline,underestimate,underground,
inter-
相互，之间
international,interact,inter-change
sub-
下，次
subtitle,submarine,subconscious,subcontinent,
trans-
过，穿过，变
transformation（变形）,translate
vice-
副
vice-premier,vice-president
semi-
半
semifinal,semicircle,semi-automatic
bi
两个
bicycle,biennial两年一次的
tri
三个
triangle三角形,tricycle三轮脚踏车,triplets三胞胎
mul-
多，多种
multiply,multi-national,multi-coloured
kilo-
千
kilometre,kilogram
后缀
后缀
例词
名
词
-er
farmer,weaver,pain-killer,murderer,,villager,stranger,speaker,cooker,recorder,heater
-ess
actress,waitress,princess,hostess
-or
conductor,sailor,transistor,operator,
-ar
beggar
-ese
Chinese,Portuguese,Japanese
-ian
musician,Egyptian,physician
-ist
scientist,dentist,communist,socialist,
-ent/-ant
assistant
-ment
argument,judgment,government
-ness
happiness,greatness,illness,coldness,sleeplessness
-tion
dictation,preparation,repetition,action,information,invention
-ing
building,wedding,painting
-ship
leadership,friendship,hardship
-age
shortage,marriage,leakage
-ty
loyalty,cruelty,penalty,sixty,twenty,thirty,certainty
-th
truth,warmth,length,growth,fifteenth,fourth
-ance
acceptance,assistance,reliance,appearance
-ence
dependence,confidence,reference,entrance,defence
-ful
mouthful,handful,plateful,
-al
refusal,denial,arrival
-y
difficulty,possibility,
-dom
freedom,wisdom,kingdom
-ism
socialism,materialism
注意：
-ese,-ian,-ist既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。
-er构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。
后缀
例词
形
容
词
-al
central,industrial,national,natural
-an
European,American,Australian
-ern
eastern,northern,southern
-able
reasonable,horrible,terrible,believable,comfortable,forgettable,sensible
-ful
careful,cheerful,grateful,faithful,
-ish
childish,Swedish,selfish
-ive
destructive,collective,active,creative,effective
-y
thirsty,dirty,windy,sunny,cloudy,healthy,funny
-less
careless,hopeless,helpless,homeless,sleepless,fearless,limitless
-en
golden,wooden,woolen
-ous
courageous,famous,continuous,serious,various
-ary
imaginary,revolutionary,secondary
-ic
realistic,historic,poetic
-some
troublesome,burdensome,lonesome,handsome
-like
childlike,womanlike,manlike
-ant
ignorant,significant,observant,important
-ent
diligent,silent,excellent,frequent
-ly
lively,friendly,lovely,weekly,brotherly,motherly
-ish
childish,foolish
后缀
例词
动
词
-ize
realize,modernize,mechanize,criticize,
-en
widen,strengthen,lengthen,sharpen,widen,shorten,quicken,deepen
-fy
Simplify,beautify,terrify,
后缀
例词
副
词
-ward（s）
forward,northward,backward,downward
-ly
slowly,quickly,carefully,loudly,happily,friendly
三、转化Conversion:
指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。
1.名词和动词之间的转化
telephone电话——打电话,mirror镜子——像镜子一样反映,drink喝——饮料,record录音——记录,name,date,hand,study,
2.形容词转化为动词perfect完美的——使完善
3.名词转化为形容词（副词）front前面——前面的
4.形容词转化为名词chief主要的——首领
Ⅰ.Matchtherightwordsfromtherightcolumnwiththewordsontheleft.
（）1.enrich
A.tryingtofindjobs
（）2.semicircle
B.remove,getridofice,frost
（）3.troublesome
C.of,having,usingimagination
（）4.sharpen
D.makeorbecomesharp
（）5.job-hunting
E.halfacircle
（）6.limitless
F.causingtrouble
（）7.imaginative
G.makerich,improveinquality,flavour,etc.
（）8.defrost
H.withoutlimit
Ⅱ.Usetheappropriateformofthewordstofillintheblanks.
1.Themotherdidn’tknowwhyherdaughterwascrying_______.（noise）
2.Hewasoneofthebest_______inyesterday’sfootballmatch.（play）
3.Look!
How______Kateislaughing!
（happy）
4.Itsnowed_____lastnightandnowthestreetsarecoveredwithsnow.（heavy）
5.Edisonwasagreat______.Duringhislifehehadmany______.（invent）
6.Moreandmore_____havecometovisitChinaovertheseyears.（foreign）
7.Wewant_________reasonsforyourfailuretohelp.（satisfy）
8.Pleasegivemesomereferencework.Itwill______mytask.（simple）
9.Theboyhadthe_______ofbeinghalfstarved.（appear）
10.Thepolicehave_______aplotagainstthePresident.（cover）
11.ThedoctorsaidthatMary’smotherneededan_______.（operate）
12.Shehopedthathersonwouldbecomea_______.（music）
13.Few______wordsmadeusexcited.（speak）
14.Thedaysonthemoongethotterthan______water.（boil）
15.Thankyouforyour_________.（kind）
16.Manycollegestudentsworkwhiletheyarestudyingbecausetheywanttomakesomemoneyfortheircollege_____.（expensive）
17.Mostinternational______lettersarewritteninEnglish,too.（busy）
18.Theboynoticedan______mistakeonhispaper,buthedecidednottosayanythingaboutit.（correct）19.WheninRome,doasthe_____do.（Rome）
20.Theteacherwaspleasedwithher_______.（honest）
Ⅲ.根据上下文语境和提示的首字母，在划线处写出一个合适的词。
A.Rafting
Raftingisanexcitingadventure.Araftisasmallboatthatyoucanusetopaddledownriversandstreams.Raftingisagoodwaytoexperiencen________.Ifyouwantanormalraftingtrip,chooseaquietstreamorriverthatiswideandhasfewf______treesorrocks.Ifyouarelookingformoree_______,youmaywanttotrywhitewaterrafting.Whitewaterraftingismorea_________anddifficultthannormalrafting.Itisdoneonriversandstreamswherethewatermovesq_______.Youhavetobec________nottohitrocks,treesandotherdangers.Thename“W________”comesfromthefactthatthewaterinthesestreamsandriverslookswhitewhenitmovesquickly.
B.Areweendangered?
SteveJonesisanenvironmentalexpertwhotriestokeepanimalsandplantsfrombecomingendangered.Ifweknowmoreaboutwhatcausese________,wemaybeabletotakem_______beforeitistoolate.Aspeciescanbecomee_______fordifferentreasons.Animalsandplantsmusthaveahabitatorhome,whichisc_______andclean,andwherethereisenoughfoodandotherresources.Theyareallusedtotheirenvironment;thatis,theyhavelearnthowtolives_______intheirhabitat.
Keys:
Ⅰ.1.G2.E3.F4.D5.A6.H7.C8.B
Ⅱ.1.noisily2.players3.happily4.heavily
5.inventor;inventions6.foreigners7.satisfactory
8.simplify9.appearance10.uncovered11.operation
12.musician13.spoken14.boiling15.kindness
16.expenses17.business18.uncorrected19.Romans20.honesty
Ⅲ.A篇nature,fallen,excitement,adventurous,quickly,careful,Whitewater
B.篇endangerment,measures,endangered,comfortable,successfully
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