泛读第九次.docx

泛读第九次.docx

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泛读第九次

Translatethefollowingpackageinsert（药品说明书）

1）Itisawhiteorafaintlyyellowpowdertowhichappropriateamountsofwaterareaddedtoprepareanoffwhitesuspensionforintramuscularuseorayellowishsolutionforintravenousadministration.

2）ItisabactericidalantibioticwhichisresistanttomostB-lastamases（内酰铵酶）andisactiveagainstawiderangeofGram（革兰氏）-positiveandGram-negativeorganism.

3）Itisindicatedforthetreatmentofinfectionbeforetheinfectingorganismhasbeenidentifiedorwhencausedbysensitivebacteria.

4）Manyinfectionswillrespondto750mgtds（一日三次）byi.m.orbyiv.

5）Itshouldnotbeusedinpatientswithknownsensitivitytothedrug

6）Thisdrugisgenerallywelltolerated.Thecommonestsideeffectsassociatedwithitaresymptomsrelatedtothegastrointestinaltract.

Thefollowingadversereactionsmayoccasionallyoccur：

drynessofthemouth，thirst，drowsiness，fatigue，dizziness，heartburn，anorexia，abdominaldiscomfortandexanthema.（皮疹）

7）Ananestheticeffectontheoralmucousmembranesmayoccuroccasionally，butmaybeavoidedbyswallowingthedrugquicklywithwaterwithoutcrashingthetablet.

8）Keepairtightinadryandcoolplace.Awayfromlight.

9）（Howsupplied）10mgvialcontaining10mgof…asafreezepowder10mg.

Translatethefollowingpackageinsert（药品说明书）

1）Itisawhiteorafaintlyyellowpowdertowhichappropriateamountsofwaterareaddedtoprepareanoffwhitesuspensionforintramuscularuseorayellowishsolutionforintravenousadministration.

2）ItisabactericidalantibioticwhichisresistanttomostB-lastamases（内酰铵酶）andisactiveagainstawiderangeofGram（革兰氏）-positiveandGram-negativeorganism.

3）Itisindicatedforthetreatmentofinfectionbeforetheinfectingorganismhasbeenidentifiedorwhencausedbysensitivebacteria.

4）Manyinfectionswillrespondto750mgtds（一日三次）byi.m.orbyiv.

5）Itshouldnotbeusedinpatientswithknownsensitivitytothedrug

6）Thisdrugisgenerallywelltolerated.Thecommonestsideeffectsassociatedwithitaresymptomsrelatedtothegastrointestinaltract.

Thefollowingadversereactionsmayoccasionallyoccur：

drynessofthemouth，thirst，drowsiness，fatigue，dizziness，heartburn，anorexia，abdominaldiscomfortandexanthema.（皮疹）

7）Ananestheticeffectontheoralmucousmembranesmayoccuroccasionally，butmaybeavoidedbyswallowingthedrugquicklywithwaterwithoutcrashingthetablet.

8）Keepairtightinadryandcoolplace.Awayfromlight.

9）（Howsupplied）10mgvialcontaining10mgof…asafreezepowder10mg.

Unit12andUnit13

药品说明书翻译术语（PackageInsert）

description性状

tolerance耐受性

druginteractions药物相互作用

indicationsandusage适应证和用法

contraindications禁忌证

precautions注意事项

adversereactions不良反应

sidereaction副反应

anaphylacticreaction过敏反应

sideeffects,by-effects副作用

overdosage用药过量

dosageandusage剂量用法

Strength规格

storage贮藏

packages包装

batchNo批号

validitydata有效期

drugapprovalnumber批准文号

manufacturer生产厂商

Whatisthenameoftheabovepicture?

Andwhatdoesitsymbolize?

Theredribbonhasseveraldifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.Foremost,itisthesymbolofsolidarityofpeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDS.

Explainthemeaningsofthefollowingribbons.

Pinkribbon:

Breastcancerawareness

Blackribbon:

9/11-ThisribbonisasignofmourningforthoselostintheSeptember11Thattack.

IntheUnitedKingdomafterthedeathofDiana,PrincessofWalesin1997.

Blueribbon:

ChildAbuseawareness

Anti-smokecampaigns

Againstchildbeating

Yellowribbon:

SuicidePrevention

Givingprisonersasecondchanceatlife

Soldiersupport

Greenribbon:

Environmentalprotection

Organtransplantandorgandonationawareness

EarthquakeinChinainMay2008awareness

Mentalhealthawareness

HowmuchdoyouknowaboutAIDS?

●WhatdoesAIDSmean?

AIDSstandsforAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome:

Acquiredmeansyoucangetinfectedwithit;

ImmuneDeficiencymeansaweaknessinthebody’ssystemthatfightdiseases.

Syndromemeansagroupofhealthproblemsthatmakeupadisease.

●WhatisthedifferencebetweenHIVandAIDS?

HIVstandsforHumanImmunodeficiencyVirus.Itisthenameoftheviruswhichinfectsourimmunesystemanddamagesitseverelyoveraperiodoftime.

Someviruses,suchastheonesthatcausethecommoncoldortheflu,stayinthebodyonlyforafewdays.

Someviruses,suchasHIV,nevergoaway.WhenapersonbecomesinfectedwithHIV,thatpersonbecomes“HIVpositive”andwillalwaysbeHIVpositive.Overtime,HIVdiseaseinfectsandkillswhitebloodcellscalledCD4lymphocytes（or“Tcells”）andcanleavethebodyunabletofightoffcertainkindsofinfectionsandcancers.

AIDSstandsforAcquiredImmune–DeficiencySyndrome.AhealthypersonusuallyhasaCD4,（whitebloodcells）countofbetween600and1,200.WhentheCD4countdropsbelow200,aperson'simmunesystemisseverelyweakened,andthatpersonisthendiagnosedwithAIDS,evenifheorshehasnotbecomesickfromotherinfections.

ThinkofAIDSasadvancedHIVdisease.

●InwhatwaysdoesHIVspread?

HIVistransmittedby:

∙Unprotectedsexualintercoursewithinfectedperson（eitherheterosexualorhomosexual）

∙Transfusionofinfectedbloodorbloodproducts

∙Infectedmothertoherbabyduringpregnancy,birthprocessandthroughbreast–feeding

∙UseofinfectedneedlesandinstrumentswithoutsterilizationorsharingofneedlesandsyringesbyHIVdrugaddicts

Acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndromeoracquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome（AIDS）isadiseaseofthehumanimmunesystemcausedbythehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus（HIV）.TheillnessinterfereswiththeimmunesystemmakingpeoplewithAIDSmuchmorelikelytogetinfections,includingopportunisticinfectionsandtumorsthatdonotaffectpeoplewithworkingimmunesystems.Thissusceptibilitygetsworseasthediseasecontinues.

HIVistransmittedinmanyways,suchassex,bloodtransfusion,contaminatedhypodermicneedles,exchangebetweenmotherandbabyduringpregnancy,childbirth,andbreastfeeding.Itcanbetransmittedbyanycontactofamucousmembraneorthebloodstreamwithabodilyfluidthathasthevirusinit,suchastheblood,semen,vaginalfluid,preseminalfluid,orbreastmilkfromaninfectedperson.

ThevirusanddiseaseareoftenreferredtotogetherasHIV/AIDS.Thediseaseisamajorhealthprobleminmanypartsoftheworld,andisconsideredapandemic,adiseaseoutbreakthatisnotonlypresentoveralargeareabutisactivelyspreading.In2009,theWorldHealthOrganization（WHO）estimatedthatthereare33.4 million peopleworldwidelivingwithHIV/AIDS,with2.7 million newHIVinfectionsperyearand2.0 million annualdeathsduetoAIDS.In2007,UNAIDSestimated:

33.2 million peopleworldwidehadAIDSthatyear;AIDSkilled2.1 million peopleinthecourseofthatyear,including330,000 children,and76%ofthosedeathsoccurredinsub-SaharanAfrica.AccordingtoUNAIDS2009report,worldwidesome60 million peoplehavebeeninfectedsincethestartofthepandemic,withsome25 million deaths,and14 million orphanedchildreninsouthernAfricaalone.

GeneticresearchindicatesthatHIVoriginatedinwest-centralAfricaduringthelatenineteenthorearlytwentiethcentury.AIDSwasfirstrecognizedbytheU. S.CentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionin1981anditscause,HIV,identifiedintheearly1980s.

AlthoughtreatmentsforHIV/AIDScanslowthecourseofthedisease,thereisnoknowncureorvaccine.AntiretroviraltreatmentreducesboththedeathsandnewinfectionsfromHIV/AIDS,butthesedrugsareexpensiveandthemedicationsarenotavailableinallcountries.DuetothedifficultyintreatingHIVinfection,preventinginfectionisakeyaimincontrollingtheAIDSpandemic,withhealthorganizationspromotingsafesexandneedle-exchangeprogrammesinattemptstoslowthespreadofthevirus.

WorldAIDSDay,observedDecember1eachyear,isdedicatedtoraisingawarenessoftheAIDSpandemiccausedbythespreadofHIVinfection.ItiscommontoholdmemorialstohonorpersonswhohavediedfromHIV/AIDSonthisday.Governmentandhealthofficialsalsoobservetheevent,oftenwithspeechesorforumsontheAIDStopics.Since1995,thePresidentoftheUnitedStateshasmadeanofficialproclamationonWorldAIDSDay.Governmentsofothernationshavefollowedsuitandissuedsimilarannouncements.

AIDShaskilledmorethan25millionpeoplebetween1981and2007,andanestimated33.2millionpeopleworldwidelivewithHIVasof2007,makingitoneofthemostdestructiveepidemicsinrecordedhistory.Despiterecent,improvedaccesstoantiretroviraltreatmentandcareinmanyregionsoftheworld,theAIDSepidemicclaimedanestimated2millionlivesin2007,ofwhichabout270,000werechildren.

ThethemeofWorldAIDSDayof2010wasUniversalAccessandHumanRights.

ChecktheanswersofhomereadingonP209

Text1onPage194

DiscussionQuestion:

HIV/AIDSisamajorpublichealthconcernandcauseofdeathinAfrica.AlthoughAfricaishometoabout14.5%oftheworld'spopulation,itisestimatedtobehometo67%ofallpeoplelivingwithHIVandto72%ofallAIDSdeathsin2009.

WhatarethecausesofserioussituationofAIDSinAfrica?

●Politicalfactors

MajorAfricanpoliticalleadershavedeniedthelinkbetweenHIVandAIDS.ThescientificcommunityconsiderstheevidencethatHIVcausesAIDStobeconclusiveandrejectsAIDS-denialistclaimsaspseudosciencebasedonconspiracytheories,faultyreasoning,cherrypicking,andmisrepresentationofmainlyoutdatedscientificdata.Despiteitslack