泛读第九次.docx

1、泛读第九次 Translate the following package insert （药品说明书）1) It is a white or a faintly yellow powder to which appropriate amounts of water are added to prepare an off white suspension for intramuscular use or a yellowish solution for intravenous administration.2) It is a bactericidal antibiotic which is

2、resistant to most B-lastamases（内酰铵酶） and is active against a wide range of Gram（革兰氏）-positive and Gram-negative organism.3) It is indicated for the treatment of infection before the infecting organism has been identified or when caused by sensitive bacteria.4) Many infections will respond to 750mgt

3、d s(一日三次) by i.m. or by i v.5) It should not be used in patients with known sensitivity to the drug6) This drug is generally well tolerated. The commonest side effects associated with it are symptoms related to the gastrointestinal tract. The following adverse reactions may occasionally occur：drynes

4、s of the mouth，thirst，drowsiness，fatigue，dizziness，heartburn，anorexia，abdominal discomfort and exanthema.(皮疹)7) An anesthetic effect on the oral mucous membranes may occur occasionally，but may be avoided by swallowing the drug quickly with water without crashing the tablet.8) Keep airtight in a dry

5、and cool place. Away from light.9) （How supplied）10 mg vial containing 10 mg of as a freeze powder 10 mg. Translate the following package insert （药品说明书）1) It is a white or a faintly yellow powder to which appropriate amounts of water are added to prepare an off white suspension for intramuscular use

6、 or a yellowish solution for intravenous administration.2) It is a bactericidal antibiotic which is resistant to most B-lastamases（内酰铵酶） and is active against a wide range of Gram（革兰氏）-positive and Gram-negative organism.3) It is indicated for the treatment of infection before the infecting organism

7、 has been identified or when caused by sensitive bacteria.4) Many infections will respond to 750mgt d s(一日三次) by i.m. or by i v.5) It should not be used in patients with known sensitivity to the drug6) This drug is generally well tolerated. The commonest side effects associated with it are symptoms

8、related to the gastrointestinal tract. The following adverse reactions may occasionally occur：dryness of the mouth，thirst，drowsiness，fatigue，dizziness，heartburn，anorexia，abdominal discomfort and exanthema.(皮疹)7) An anesthetic effect on the oral mucous membranes may occur occasionally，but may be avoi

9、ded by swallowing the drug quickly with water without crashing the tablet.8) Keep airtight in a dry and cool place. Away from light.9) （How supplied）10 mg vial containing 10 mg of as a freeze powder 10 mg.Unit 12 and Unit 13药品说明书翻译术语(Package Insert) description 性状 tolerance耐受性 drug interactions药物相互作

10、用indications and usage 适应证和用法 contraindications 禁忌证 precautions 注意事项 adverse reactions 不良反应 side reaction 副反应 anaphylactic reaction 过敏反应 side effects, by-effects 副作用 over dosage 用药过量 dosage and usage 剂量用法 Strength规格storage 贮藏packages 包装 batch No 批号 validity data 有效期 drug approval number 批准文号manufact

11、urer 生产厂商 What is the name of the above picture? And what does it symbolize? The red ribbon has several different meanings in different contexts. Foremost, it is the symbol of solidarity of people living with HIV/AIDS.Explain the meanings of the following ribbons. Pink ribbon: Breast cancer awarenes

12、sBlack ribbon: 9/11 - This ribbon is a sign of mourning for those lost in the September 11Th attack. In the United Kingdom after the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997. Blue ribbon: Child Abuse awareness Anti-smoke campaigns Against child beatingYellow ribbon: Suicide Prevention Giving prison

13、ers a second chance at lifeSoldier supportGreen ribbon: Environmental protection Organ transplant and organ donation awareness Earthquake in China in May 2008 awareness Mental health awarenessHow much do you know about AIDS? What does AIDS mean?AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome:Acq

14、uired means you can get infected with it; Immune Deficiency means a weakness in the bodys system that fight diseases.Syndrome means a group of health problems that make up a disease. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is the name of the virus

15、which infects our immune system and damages it severely over a period of time.Some viruses, such as the ones that cause the common cold or the flu, stay in the body only for a few days. Some viruses, such as HIV, never go away. When a person becomes infected with HIV, that person becomes “HIV positi

16、ve” and will always be HIV positive. Over time, HIV disease infects and kills white blood cells called CD4 lymphocytes (or “T cells”) and can leave the body unable to fight off certain kinds of infections and cancers. AIDS stands for Acquired ImmuneDeficiency Syndrome. A healthy person usually has a

17、 CD4, (white blood cells) count of between 600 and 1,200. When the CD4 count drops below 200, a persons immune system is severely weakened, and that person is then diagnosed with AIDS, even if he or she has not become sick from other infections. Think of AIDS as advanced HIV disease. In what ways do

18、es HIV spread?HIV is transmitted by: Unprotected sexual intercourse with infected person (either heterosexual or homosexual) Transfusion of infected blood or blood products Infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, birth process and through breast feeding Use of infected needles and instruments

19、without sterilization or sharing of needles and syringes by HIV drug addicts Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The illness interferes with the immune system making

20、 people with AIDS much more likely to get infections, including opportunistic infections and tumors that do not affect people with working immune systems. This susceptibility gets worse as the disease continues.HIV is transmitted in many ways, such as sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic

21、needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. It can be transmitted by any contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid that has the virus in it, such as the blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, or breast milk from an infe

22、cted person. The virus and disease are often referred to together as HIV/AIDS. The disease is a major health problem in many parts of the world, and is considered a pandemic, a disease outbreak that is not only present over a large area but is actively spreading. In 2009, the World Health Organizati

23、on (WHO) estimated that there are 33.4millionpeople worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, with 2.7millionnew HIV infections per year and 2.0millionannual deaths due to AIDS. In 2007, UNAIDS estimated: 33.2millionpeople worldwide had AIDS that year; AIDS killed 2.1millionpeople in the course of that year,

24、including 330,000children, and 76% of those deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. According to UNAIDS 2009 report, worldwide some 60millionpeople have been infected since the start of the pandemic, with some 25milliondeaths, and 14millionorphaned children in southern Africa alone. Genetic research

25、indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s. Although treatments for HIV/AIDS can slow the course

26、 of the disease, there is no known cure or vaccine. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the deaths and new infections from HIV/AIDS, but these drugs are expensive and the medications are not available in all countries. Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key

27、aim in controlling the AIDS pandemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the virus. World AIDS Day, observed December 1 each year, is dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS pandemic caused by the spread of HIV infection.

28、It is common to hold memorials to honor persons who have died from HIV/AIDS on this day. Government and health officials also observe the event, often with speeches or forums on the AIDS topics. Since 1995, the President of the United States has made an official proclamation on World AIDS Day. Gover

29、nments of other nations have followed suit and issued similar announcements.AIDS has killed more than 25 million people between 1981 and 2007, and an estimated 33.2 million people worldwide live with HIV as of 2007, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history. Despite recent,

30、 improved access to antiretroviral treatment and care in many regions of the world, the AIDS epidemic claimed an estimated 2 million lives in 2007, of which about 270,000 were children.The theme of World AIDS Day of 2010 was Universal Access and Human Rights. Check the answers of home reading on P20

31、9Text 1 on Page 194Discussion Question: HIV/AIDS is a major public health concern and cause of death in Africa. Although Africa is home to about 14.5% of the worlds population, it is estimated to be home to 67% of all people living with HIV and to 72% of all AIDS deaths in 2009. What are the causes

32、of serious situation of AIDS in Africa? Political factorsMajor African political leaders have denied the link between HIV and AIDS . The scientific community considers the evidence that HIV causes AIDS to be conclusive and rejects AIDS-denialist claims as pseudoscience based on conspiracy theories, faulty reasoning, cherry picking, and misrepresentation of mainly outdated scientific data. Despite its lack