语法总结.docx

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语法总结.docx

语法总结

总结

主谓一致

用单数:

一:

1,群,岛,山脉,瀑布等地理名称(TheWestIndiesTheHimalayas)

2,archives(档案)arms(武器)clothes(衣服)contents(目录)eaves(屋檐)fireworks(烟花)goods(商品)minutes(记录)morals(道德品行)remains(遗体)stairs(楼梯)suburbs(郊区)thanks(感激)wages(工资)clippings(剪下得东西)diggings(掘出得东西)surroundings(环境)sweepings(打扫的垃圾)findings()readings(读物)————这些都用“复数”

eg:

Theminuteswereunfortunatelyincompleteandcouldthereforenotbeadopted.

二:

1,学科(physics,linguistics,mechanics)2,国名(theUnitedStates)

3但是;,由两个部分组成的物体如;scissors(剪子)pincers钳子()shorts(短裤)suspenders(吊带裤)glasses眼镜--------没有单位“一双一对”等用复数

Histrousersareblackandwhite.

One/Apairofscissorsisnotenough…….Two/severalpairsofscissorsarenotenough.

4,arthritis(关节炎)isadiseasecausingpain.

measles()isaninfectiousdisease.

barrack(营房)series(系列)works(工厂)与下同,看情况;Headquaters(总部)wassetuptodirecttheoperation=Theirheadquaterswere~~~·

Anewspeciesofmammalhasbeenfound.

100newspeciesofmammalhave~~

三,集体名词问题,

police,people,cattle(牛),militia(民兵团),poultry(家禽),vermin(害虫)

--------------------这些用“复数“

foliage,,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,luggage,technology

Themerchandisehasarrivedundamaged.-------用“单数”Asetoffurniture

audienceclasscrewfamilygovernmentpublic等视情况而定:

若强调整体则单数,若强调个体的成员则复数

Thecommitteeweredividedinopinionastowhetherthemattershouldbedealtwithatonce.

Theaudiencearelisteningtohissymphony.

四,AandB视情况而定总之:

意义为复数——复数WhatIsayandthinkarenobusinessofyours意义为单数——单数

补充:

Theteacherandthepoetare~~不同的人

Theteacherandpoetis~~同一个人

every/no/manya/each/+单名+and+every/////+单名————用单数

eg:

Everyboyandeverygirlinthisroomisentitledtoacopy.

五,就近原则:

or,nor,either,neither,,,notonly~butalso

主+aswellas/like/including/expect/but/with/inadditionto/besides/insteadof/alongwith/togetherwith/asmuchas/ratherthan/morethan/nolessthan/---------------------------由主语决定。

Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.

Bill,togetherwithhissisters,washurtintheaccident.

Hisbrotherratherthanhisparentsistoblame.

六,1,manya/morethanone+n————单数

eg,Manyamanhashisstudy.Morethanonestudentwaslost.

Morethantwostudentswerelost.——(语法一致)

2,oneandahalf+n————用单数

3,

acommittee/panel/board/seriesof+复n------------用单数

two/severalcommittee///of+复n---------用复数

七,这些加可或者不可;all/most/someof1/3ofalotof(lotsof)a(large)quantityof=largequantitiesof(作主语,只用复数)

massesof=amassofplentyof+可n-------复数

+不可------单数

只能修饰可名;(quite)afewalargenumberof=largenumbersofagreat/goodmany+可名(有时范围+of)

只能修饰不可名;anamountof/amountsofagreatdealof=notalittlealargeamountofa(little)bitoflittle/muchless(the)least

Nota/onebit=notatall-----------一点也不---

八,Adayortwohaspassed.

Oneortwodayshavepassed.

九,Todo/doing作主语——-单数

Therebe看其后的名词决定

冠词

the;;

1,国家,党派等专有名,山河,河流,海峡群岛等加,,,,湖(lake一般不加)(London,.New.York,theUnitedStates)。

但,国家名族前,有;adj,,则+the。

可泛指国、民的全体人名;theChinese,theJapanese,theFrench,theEnglish做主语时——谓复。

若强调整体-——单

TheChinesearehard—working.

但职业+人名-----不加。

eg,nurseCarvel/Richard.

有职业性词语或限定词修饰则加the,the+职/修饰语+专n.,thepoetGray,thepublisherCollins.。

thenewChina,与China,theearliestLondon)theCommunistPartyofChinatheStoneAge

2,发明物的名词前,thecompass,

3,报纸,杂志+the…

egTheTimes.,theNew.Yorktimes.;thepeople’sdaily.theWashingtonPost.ChinaDaily,Today.Time.Life.NewScientist.

4,用在形容词前表一类人/物,thepoor/therich./thedisabled.

5,世界上“独一无二”的东西,如;thesoon/,moon,/earth/sky/atmosphere/,,,,,,,

但若前面有形容词修饰时,a/an+adj+n.apeacefulworldablueskyabright/fullmoon

6,乐器前加,(但球,棋类为0冠,(西洋乐器+the中国乐器,不加)

Doyouliketoplaythepianoortheviolin?

8,人体部位前(击中抓住模拟人的身体部位)

takesbbythearm/leg.hitsbintheface.,,.Heisredintheface.

onthehead/nose,,Sheseizedtheboybytheear.

9,某个年代,姓氏复数前表全家人或夫妇两。

,政府部门,theJamesinthe1870’s===inthe1870intheQingDynastyinoldageinthefifths

10,序数词,形容词最高级,两者进行比较时起特定作用的。

比较级前,

a/an+序数词/third,———又、再,,,,,,,a/an+比较级最高级——非常。

thelargestroomthetallerofthetwothe+比较级+of+比较对象

inthesouthofChina====insouthChina

some/most/half/both/any/noneof+the+n

a./an;;

1,Haveawalk/cook/quarrel/cold,keepadiary,,inahurry,dosbafavor

Onceuponatime,ataloss,atadiscount,allofasudden,getaneducation,

Atatimeatonetime.Have/takeabath/shower

Haveawordwithsb——与人谈一谈haveabetterunderstandingofsth

Havewordswithsb——与人吵架cometo/arriveat/draw/aconclusioncometoanend/agreementhaveawordinone’sear在耳边说悄悄话

Getintopanic,bylaw,makeamassof.

2,,manya+n————-谓语-单数,,但表示“许多”的意思。

Manyastudentisintheroom.

Half/such/what+a+adj+n

Quite/rather+a+adj+n==aquite/rather+adj+n

eg,quite/ratheranicehouse.==aquite/rathernicehouse.

3,,so,as.too.how,+adj+a+n

eg,Nomatterhow/Howeverhardheworks,hecouldn’tcatchupwithhim.

4,auniversity,aEuropean,astudent一所大学,一个欧洲人、学生

5,A:

物质,抽象名+,a/an,表示具体意义或种类,

whataheavyrain!

B,人名前+,a/an,表示说话人对此不认识。

AMr.Smithisaskingforyou.C,a/an+序数词,又一,再一,,,,anhourortwoasecondchance/life/time.

6,the+最高级——有比较时

a/an+最高级/比较级+n------非常。

amost+n=very

Ihaveneverheardabetterbeautifulvoice.=Hervoiceisthebest.

否定+比较级=最高级

7,类别,Ahorseisusefulanimal.

Thehorseisusefulanimal

Horsesareusefulanimals.

8,固定词组中;

Husbandandwifebrotherandsisterbodyandsoul身心dayandnightknifeandforkatdawn黎明/noon/daybreak破晓/night/dusk/midnighthandinhand手牵手fromtoptobottom从顶部到底部beginningtoendmorningtonightbeatthebottomof是,,,,,,,的起因

Bottomsup!

干杯

9,补充;makethemostofsth=makefulluseof

bythe,,,,,(按,,,,,计算),,,,by+具体——+the

by+抽象——(0,)

(但重量,体积计算不加任何冠)。

byweight,按重量计算bythesize/dozen/hour/minute(by+the+n单)

bytime=in+n复

不用冠词

1,专有名,物质,抽象名词,人名,地名前,————不加冠

BeijingRailwayStation,Smith,,America,China

(被限定时+the)专有名+普通名——构成地名或普+普——构成专有名————————————这两个都为0冠词,

2,抽象,物质名前或后加上表示其特殊性质或类别的修饰词,,,指概念的“一种,一类,一次’等

(可用a/an,,但不用the)

eg,Afteraswim,shehadarest。

3,季节,月,星期,节日。

假日,一日三餐。

InMarch/May/Spring,onSunday,/Monday,Children’sDay

(The+,,,,,,,,+Festival),,,,,,,,havedinnerhaveanicedinnerhaveameal

IntheSpringof1992,

4,称呼,头衔职务,————不加冠。

但作主语时,+the

thepresidentoftheUSAwillcometoChina.

WemadehimchairmanoftheUSA…Hewasmadepresident.

/PresidentObamawillcometoChina.

Obama,/presidentoftheUSA,will,,,,,,,,,,,TheUSpresident,Obama,will,,,,,,,,,,,,

布什,presidentoftheUSA。

5,学科,球类,棋类,颜色疾病感官名称,不加冠。

(西洋乐器+the中国乐器,不加)

6,与by,连用的交通工具,,,不加冠。

Bytrain=onatrainbycar=inone’scarbybus=onabus

7,语言前不加冠;French法文,Chinese中文,但theChineselanguage

8,turn变成:

turnwriter=becomeawriter

9,gotoschool去上学byday在白天beinhospital生病住院takeplace发生

gototheschool去学校bytheday按日计算beinthehospital在医院takeone’splace代替

outofquestion不成问题,没问题infuture今后从说话的下一秒开始

outofthequestion不可能inthefuture将来

atchurch在教堂atthetable在桌旁

atchurch做礼拜attable在吃饭

incharge/control/possessionof,,,,,负责控制拥有占领,,,

inthecharge/control/possessionof,,,,,由,,,,,

 

以下不是分布好的,由待于综合。

不定式练习。

一,V+todosth,:

;;;pretend,manage,intend,offer,expect,

V+sbtodo.;;;permit,persuade,encourage,require,force,remind,(remindsbofsth)warn,(Warnsbofsth,)callon/upon,attempt,waitfor,dependon,wouldlike/love,teach.,二,,1),,find/feel/think/suppose/consider/make+it+adj/n+(forsb)+(not)todo

2),,it’skindofyoutohelpus.----------itis+adj+for/of+sb+todo

It’shardforyoutofinishthework.------adj修饰人时则用of,不能则用for

3),,sheisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.

Theway/chance/first/next/last/only+todosth

三,使役动词;.make/let/havesbdosth……getsbdosth

感官动词:

Feel/hear/listento/see/watch/lookat/observe/+sb+do/doing/done,

Consider+todo(认为)Consider+doing(考虑)make,keep,leave.分析主被动关系

以上使役动,感观动,——变被动时,不定式还原。

+todo。

(let除外)

(Want+n+tobedone==Want+n+doing)

Iseeherenterthebuilding.-----sheisseento,,,,,,,,

Iseeherenteringthebuilding..-----sheseenentering,,,,,,

Shemakemecleanthefloor,-----Iwasmadetoclean,

四,重难点:

1,介词不可以省,

Givemeapentowritewith..,,,,,,,shehasababytolookafter/takecareof.

Akindmantoworkwith.,,,,,,,,,,,,apieceofbeautifulmusictolistento.

2,therebe句型,主被动皆可;thereissthtoeat=tobeeaten.

3,句子要平衡;Toseeistobelieve=Seeingisbelieving.

It’sbettertobelatethantobeabsent.

Muchremainstobedone..

It’sremainstobeseenwhetherheisright.=whetherheisrightremainstobeseen.

It’sdifficulttofinishthework.111Theworkisdifficulttofinish.

n/sth/sb+be+adj+todo.

4,不定式的省略问题;

A;wedon’tdoanythingbutwait.

Wehavenothingtodobutwait.

Welikenothingbuttohavepelessons

Wehavenochoicebuttowait.

Getupearlymorning,ifnot,youwillmissthebus.

Hemaynotbeathome,ifso,leavehimamessage.

-----Wouldyoukiketogooutwithme?

----I’dliketo.(gooutwithyou)

B;IshallcomeifIwantto(come)

Don’tgiveupunlessyouhaveto(giveup).

Heisn’tateacher,butheusedtobe.(ateacher).

但是To后是be,have时——不省。

----didyougotothepartyyesterday?

-----no,butIwouldliketohave..(donetotheparty).

Wouldlike(sb)todo想要做,,.//tohavedone.想要已经做过饭实际上未做。

EgAreyouandJanegettingmarried?

-------wehopeto(不是so).

5,todo意料之外doing意料之中

Thecupdroppedontothefloor,breakingintopieces.

Thehurriedtothesationonlytofindthetraingone.

6,betodo-----被to

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