语法总结.docx
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语法总结
总结
主谓一致
用单数:
一:
1,群,岛,山脉,瀑布等地理名称(TheWestIndiesTheHimalayas)
2,archives(档案)arms(武器)clothes(衣服)contents(目录)eaves(屋檐)fireworks(烟花)goods(商品)minutes(记录)morals(道德品行)remains(遗体)stairs(楼梯)suburbs(郊区)thanks(感激)wages(工资)clippings(剪下得东西)diggings(掘出得东西)surroundings(环境)sweepings(打扫的垃圾)findings()readings(读物)————这些都用“复数”
eg:
Theminuteswereunfortunatelyincompleteandcouldthereforenotbeadopted.
二:
1,学科(physics,linguistics,mechanics)2,国名(theUnitedStates)
3但是;,由两个部分组成的物体如;scissors(剪子)pincers钳子()shorts(短裤)suspenders(吊带裤)glasses眼镜--------没有单位“一双一对”等用复数
Histrousersareblackandwhite.
One/Apairofscissorsisnotenough…….Two/severalpairsofscissorsarenotenough.
4,arthritis(关节炎)isadiseasecausingpain.
measles()isaninfectiousdisease.
barrack(营房)series(系列)works(工厂)与下同,看情况;Headquaters(总部)wassetuptodirecttheoperation=Theirheadquaterswere~~~·
Anewspeciesofmammalhasbeenfound.
100newspeciesofmammalhave~~
三,集体名词问题,
police,people,cattle(牛),militia(民兵团),poultry(家禽),vermin(害虫)
--------------------这些用“复数“
foliage,,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,luggage,technology
Themerchandisehasarrivedundamaged.-------用“单数”Asetoffurniture
audienceclasscrewfamilygovernmentpublic等视情况而定:
若强调整体则单数,若强调个体的成员则复数
Thecommitteeweredividedinopinionastowhetherthemattershouldbedealtwithatonce.
Theaudiencearelisteningtohissymphony.
四,AandB视情况而定总之:
意义为复数——复数WhatIsayandthinkarenobusinessofyours意义为单数——单数
补充:
Theteacherandthepoetare~~不同的人
Theteacherandpoetis~~同一个人
every/no/manya/each/+单名+and+every/////+单名————用单数
eg:
Everyboyandeverygirlinthisroomisentitledtoacopy.
五,就近原则:
or,nor,either,neither,,,notonly~butalso
主+aswellas/like/including/expect/but/with/inadditionto/besides/insteadof/alongwith/togetherwith/asmuchas/ratherthan/morethan/nolessthan/---------------------------由主语决定。
Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.
Bill,togetherwithhissisters,washurtintheaccident.
Hisbrotherratherthanhisparentsistoblame.
六,1,manya/morethanone+n————单数
eg,Manyamanhashisstudy.Morethanonestudentwaslost.
Morethantwostudentswerelost.——(语法一致)
2,oneandahalf+n————用单数
3,
acommittee/panel/board/seriesof+复n------------用单数
two/severalcommittee///of+复n---------用复数
七,这些加可或者不可;all/most/someof1/3ofalotof(lotsof)a(large)quantityof=largequantitiesof(作主语,只用复数)
massesof=amassofplentyof+可n-------复数
+不可------单数
只能修饰可名;(quite)afewalargenumberof=largenumbersofagreat/goodmany+可名(有时范围+of)
只能修饰不可名;anamountof/amountsofagreatdealof=notalittlealargeamountofa(little)bitoflittle/muchless(the)least
Nota/onebit=notatall-----------一点也不---
八,Adayortwohaspassed.
Oneortwodayshavepassed.
九,Todo/doing作主语——-单数
Therebe看其后的名词决定
冠词
the;;
1,国家,党派等专有名,山河,河流,海峡群岛等加,,,,湖(lake一般不加)(London,.New.York,theUnitedStates)。
但,国家名族前,有;adj,,则+the。
。
。
可泛指国、民的全体人名;theChinese,theJapanese,theFrench,theEnglish做主语时——谓复。
。
。
。
若强调整体-——单
TheChinesearehard—working.
但职业+人名-----不加。
eg,nurseCarvel/Richard.
有职业性词语或限定词修饰则加the,the+职/修饰语+专n.,thepoetGray,thepublisherCollins.。
thenewChina,与China,theearliestLondon)theCommunistPartyofChinatheStoneAge
2,发明物的名词前,thecompass,
3,报纸,杂志+the…
egTheTimes.,theNew.Yorktimes.;thepeople’sdaily.theWashingtonPost.ChinaDaily,Today.Time.Life.NewScientist.
4,用在形容词前表一类人/物,thepoor/therich./thedisabled.
5,世界上“独一无二”的东西,如;thesoon/,moon,/earth/sky/atmosphere/,,,,,,,
但若前面有形容词修饰时,a/an+adj+n.apeacefulworldablueskyabright/fullmoon
6,乐器前加,(但球,棋类为0冠,(西洋乐器+the中国乐器,不加)
Doyouliketoplaythepianoortheviolin?
8,人体部位前(击中抓住模拟人的身体部位)
takesbbythearm/leg.hitsbintheface.,,.Heisredintheface.
onthehead/nose,,Sheseizedtheboybytheear.
9,某个年代,姓氏复数前表全家人或夫妇两。
,政府部门,theJamesinthe1870’s===inthe1870intheQingDynastyinoldageinthefifths
10,序数词,形容词最高级,两者进行比较时起特定作用的。
比较级前,
a/an+序数词/third,———又、再,,,,,,,a/an+比较级最高级——非常。
。
thelargestroomthetallerofthetwothe+比较级+of+比较对象
inthesouthofChina====insouthChina
some/most/half/both/any/noneof+the+n
a./an;;
1,Haveawalk/cook/quarrel/cold,keepadiary,,inahurry,dosbafavor
Onceuponatime,ataloss,atadiscount,allofasudden,getaneducation,
Atatimeatonetime.Have/takeabath/shower
Haveawordwithsb——与人谈一谈haveabetterunderstandingofsth
Havewordswithsb——与人吵架cometo/arriveat/draw/aconclusioncometoanend/agreementhaveawordinone’sear在耳边说悄悄话
Getintopanic,bylaw,makeamassof.
2,,manya+n————-谓语-单数,,但表示“许多”的意思。
。
Manyastudentisintheroom.
Half/such/what+a+adj+n
Quite/rather+a+adj+n==aquite/rather+adj+n
eg,quite/ratheranicehouse.==aquite/rathernicehouse.
3,,so,as.too.how,+adj+a+n
eg,Nomatterhow/Howeverhardheworks,hecouldn’tcatchupwithhim.
4,auniversity,aEuropean,astudent一所大学,一个欧洲人、学生
5,A:
物质,抽象名+,a/an,表示具体意义或种类,
whataheavyrain!
B,人名前+,a/an,表示说话人对此不认识。
。
AMr.Smithisaskingforyou.C,a/an+序数词,又一,再一,,,,anhourortwoasecondchance/life/time.
6,the+最高级——有比较时
a/an+最高级/比较级+n------非常。
。
amost+n=very
Ihaveneverheardabetterbeautifulvoice.=Hervoiceisthebest.
否定+比较级=最高级
7,类别,Ahorseisusefulanimal.
Thehorseisusefulanimal
Horsesareusefulanimals.
8,固定词组中;
Husbandandwifebrotherandsisterbodyandsoul身心dayandnightknifeandforkatdawn黎明/noon/daybreak破晓/night/dusk/midnighthandinhand手牵手fromtoptobottom从顶部到底部beginningtoendmorningtonightbeatthebottomof是,,,,,,,的起因
Bottomsup!
干杯
9,补充;makethemostofsth=makefulluseof
bythe,,,,,(按,,,,,计算),,,,by+具体——+the
by+抽象——(0,)
(但重量,体积计算不加任何冠)。
byweight,按重量计算bythesize/dozen/hour/minute(by+the+n单)
bytime=in+n复
不用冠词
1,专有名,物质,抽象名词,人名,地名前,————不加冠
BeijingRailwayStation,Smith,,America,China
(被限定时+the)专有名+普通名——构成地名或普+普——构成专有名————————————这两个都为0冠词,
2,抽象,物质名前或后加上表示其特殊性质或类别的修饰词,,,指概念的“一种,一类,一次’等
(可用a/an,,但不用the)
eg,Afteraswim,shehadarest。
3,季节,月,星期,节日。
假日,一日三餐。
InMarch/May/Spring,onSunday,/Monday,Children’sDay
(The+,,,,,,,,+Festival),,,,,,,,havedinnerhaveanicedinnerhaveameal
IntheSpringof1992,
4,称呼,头衔职务,————不加冠。
但作主语时,+the
thepresidentoftheUSAwillcometoChina.
WemadehimchairmanoftheUSA…Hewasmadepresident.
/PresidentObamawillcometoChina.
Obama,/presidentoftheUSA,will,,,,,,,,,,,TheUSpresident,Obama,will,,,,,,,,,,,,
布什,presidentoftheUSA。
5,学科,球类,棋类,颜色疾病感官名称,不加冠。
。
(西洋乐器+the中国乐器,不加)
6,与by,连用的交通工具,,,不加冠。
。
Bytrain=onatrainbycar=inone’scarbybus=onabus
7,语言前不加冠;French法文,Chinese中文,但theChineselanguage
8,turn变成:
turnwriter=becomeawriter
9,gotoschool去上学byday在白天beinhospital生病住院takeplace发生
gototheschool去学校bytheday按日计算beinthehospital在医院takeone’splace代替
outofquestion不成问题,没问题infuture今后从说话的下一秒开始
outofthequestion不可能inthefuture将来
atchurch在教堂atthetable在桌旁
atchurch做礼拜attable在吃饭
incharge/control/possessionof,,,,,负责控制拥有占领,,,
inthecharge/control/possessionof,,,,,由,,,,,
以下不是分布好的,由待于综合。
。
不定式练习。
一,V+todosth,:
;;;pretend,manage,intend,offer,expect,
V+sbtodo.;;;permit,persuade,encourage,require,force,remind,(remindsbofsth)warn,(Warnsbofsth,)callon/upon,attempt,waitfor,dependon,wouldlike/love,teach.,二,,1),,find/feel/think/suppose/consider/make+it+adj/n+(forsb)+(not)todo
2),,it’skindofyoutohelpus.----------itis+adj+for/of+sb+todo
It’shardforyoutofinishthework.------adj修饰人时则用of,不能则用for
3),,sheisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.
Theway/chance/first/next/last/only+todosth
三,使役动词;.make/let/havesbdosth……getsbdosth
感官动词:
Feel/hear/listento/see/watch/lookat/observe/+sb+do/doing/done,
Consider+todo(认为)Consider+doing(考虑)make,keep,leave.分析主被动关系
以上使役动,感观动,——变被动时,不定式还原。
+todo。
。
(let除外)
(Want+n+tobedone==Want+n+doing)
Iseeherenterthebuilding.-----sheisseento,,,,,,,,
Iseeherenteringthebuilding..-----sheseenentering,,,,,,
Shemakemecleanthefloor,-----Iwasmadetoclean,
四,重难点:
1,介词不可以省,
Givemeapentowritewith..,,,,,,,shehasababytolookafter/takecareof.
Akindmantoworkwith.,,,,,,,,,,,,apieceofbeautifulmusictolistento.
2,therebe句型,主被动皆可;thereissthtoeat=tobeeaten.
3,句子要平衡;Toseeistobelieve=Seeingisbelieving.
It’sbettertobelatethantobeabsent.
Muchremainstobedone..
It’sremainstobeseenwhetherheisright.=whetherheisrightremainstobeseen.
It’sdifficulttofinishthework.111Theworkisdifficulttofinish.
n/sth/sb+be+adj+todo.
4,不定式的省略问题;
A;wedon’tdoanythingbutwait.
Wehavenothingtodobutwait.
Welikenothingbuttohavepelessons
Wehavenochoicebuttowait.
Getupearlymorning,ifnot,youwillmissthebus.
Hemaynotbeathome,ifso,leavehimamessage.
-----Wouldyoukiketogooutwithme?
----I’dliketo.(gooutwithyou)
B;IshallcomeifIwantto(come)
Don’tgiveupunlessyouhaveto(giveup).
Heisn’tateacher,butheusedtobe.(ateacher).
但是To后是be,have时——不省。
----didyougotothepartyyesterday?
-----no,butIwouldliketohave..(donetotheparty).
Wouldlike(sb)todo想要做,,.//tohavedone.想要已经做过饭实际上未做。
EgAreyouandJanegettingmarried?
-------wehopeto(不是so).
5,todo意料之外doing意料之中
Thecupdroppedontothefloor,breakingintopieces.
Thehurriedtothesationonlytofindthetraingone.
6,betodo-----被to