积极心理学 ted.docx

积极心理学 ted.docx

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积极心理学ted

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11WhenIwaspresidentoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation, theytriedtomedia-trainme, andanencounterIhadwithCNN summarizeswhatI'mgoingtobetalkingabouttoday, whichistheeleventhreasontobeoptimistic. TheeditorofDiscovertoldus10ofthem, I'mgoingtogiveyoutheeleventh.

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35Sotheycametome--CNN--andtheysaid,"ProfessorSeligman, wouldyoutellusaboutthestateofpsychologytoday?

 We'dliketointerviewyouaboutthat."AndIsaid,"Great." Andshesaid,"ButthisisCNN,soyouonlygetasoundbite." SoIsaid,"Well,howmanywordsdoIget?

" Andshesaid,"Well,one."

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57（Laughter）

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58Andcamerasrolled,andshesaid,"ProfessorSeligman, whatisthestateofpsychologytoday?

""Good."

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08（Laughter）

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10"Cut.Cut.Thatwon'tdo. We'dreallybettergiveyoualongersoundbite." "Well,howmanywordsdoIgetthistime?

""Ithink,well,yougettwo. DoctorSeligman,whatisthestateofpsychologytoday?

" "Notgood."

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29（Laughter）

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38"Look,DoctorSeligman, wecanseeyou'rereallynotcomfortableinthismedium. We'dbettergiveyouarealsoundbite. Thistimeyoucanhavethreewords. ProfessorSeligman,whatisthestateofpsychologytoday?

" "Notgoodenough."Andthat'swhatI'mgoingtobetalkingabout.

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59Iwanttosaywhypsychologywasgood,whyitwasnotgood andhowitmaybecome,inthenext10years,goodenough. Andbyparallelsummary,Iwanttosaythesamethingabouttechnology, aboutentertainmentanddesign,becauseIthinktheissuesareverysimilar.

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16So,whywaspsychologygood?

 Well,formorethan60years,psychologyworkedwithinthediseasemodel. Tenyearsago,whenIwasonanairplane andIintroducedmyselftomyseatmate,andtoldthemwhatIdid, they'dmoveawayfromme. Andbecause,quiterightly,theyweresaying psychologyisaboutfindingwhat'swrongwithyou.Spottheloony. Andnow,whenItellpeoplewhatIdo,theymovetowardme.

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44Andwhatwasgoodaboutpsychology, aboutthe30billiondollarinvestmentNIMHmade, aboutworkinginthediseasemodel, aboutwhatyoumeanbypsychology, isthat,60yearsago,noneofthedisordersweretreatable-- itwasentirelysmokeandmirrors. Andnow,14ofthedisordersaretreatable, twoofthemactuallycurable.

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06Andtheotherthingthathappenedisthatasciencedeveloped, ascienceofmentalillness. Thatwefoundoutthatwecouldtakefuzzyconcepts--likedepression,alcoholism-- andmeasurethemwithrigor. Thatwecouldcreateaclassificationofthementalillnesses. Thatwecouldunderstandthecausalityofthementalillnesses. Wecouldlookacrosstimeatthesamepeople-- people,forexample,whoweregeneticallyvulnerabletoschizophrenia-- andaskwhatthecontributionofmothering,ofgeneticsare, andwecouldisolatethirdvariables bydoingexperimentsonthementalillnesses.

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50Andbestofall,wewereable,inthelast50years, toinventdrugtreatmentsandpsychologicaltreatments. Andthenwewereabletotestthemrigorously, inrandomassignment,placebocontrolleddesigns, throwoutthethingsthatdidn'twork,keepthethingsthatactivelydid.

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09Andtheconclusionofthatisthatpsychologyandpsychiatry,overthelast60years, canactuallyclaimthatwecanmakemiserablepeoplelessmiserable. AndIthinkthat'sterrific.I'mproudofit. Butwhatwasnotgood,theconsequencesofthatwerethreethings.

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34Thefirstwasmoral, thatpsychologistsandpsychiatristsbecamevictimologists,pathologizers, thatourviewofhumannaturewasthatifyouwereintrouble,bricksfellonyou. Andweforgotthatpeoplemadechoicesanddecisions. Weforgotresponsibility.Thatwasthefirstcost.

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52Thesecondcostwasthatweforgotaboutyoupeople. Weforgotaboutimprovingnormallives. Weforgotaboutamissiontomakerelativelyuntroubledpeoplehappier, morefulfilled,moreproductive.And"genius,""high-talent,"becameadirtyword. Nooneworksonthat.

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14Andthethirdproblemaboutthediseasemodelis, inourrushtodosomethingaboutpeopleintrouble,inourrushtodosomethingaboutrepairingdamage, itneveroccurredtoustodevelopinterventions tomakepeoplehappier,positiveinterventions.

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33Sothatwasnotgood. Andso,that'swhatledpeoplelikeNancyEtcoff,DanGilbert, MikeCsikszentmihalyiandmyselftoworkinsomethingIcallpositivepsychology, whichhasthreeaims. Thefirstisthatpsychologyshouldbejustasconcerned withhumanstrengthasitiswithweakness. Itshouldbejustasconcernedwithbuildingstrengthaswithrepairingdamage. Itshouldbeinterestedinthebestthingsinlife. Anditshouldbejustasconcernedwithmakingthelivesofnormalpeoplefulfilling, andwithgenius,withnurturinghightalent.

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15Sointhelast10yearsandthehopeforthefuture, we'veseenthebeginningsofascienceofpositivepsychology, ascienceofwhatmakeslifeworthliving. Itturnsoutthatwecanmeasuredifferentformsofhappiness. Andanyofyou,forfree,cangotothatwebsite andtaketheentirepanoplyoftestsofhappiness. Youcanask,howdoyoustackupforpositiveemotion,formeaning, forflow,againstliterallytensofthousandsofotherpeople?

 Wecreatedtheoppositeofthediagnosticmanualoftheinsanities:

 aclassificationofthestrengthsandvirtuesthatlooksatthesexratio, howthey'redefined,howtodiagnosethem, whatbuildsthemandwhatgetsintheirway. Wefoundthatwecoulddiscoverthecausationofthepositivestates, therelationshipbetweenlefthemisphericactivity andrighthemisphericactivityasacauseofhappiness.

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19I'vespentmylifeworkingonextremelymiserablepeople, andI'veaskedthequestion, howdoextremelymiserablepeopledifferfromtherestofyou?

 Andstartingaboutsixyearsago,weaskedaboutextremelyhappypeople. Andhowdotheydifferfromtherestofus?

 Anditturnsoutthere'soneway. They'renotmorereligious,they'renotinbettershape, theydon'thavemoremoney,they'renotbetterlooking, theydon'thavemoregoodeventsandfewerbadevents. Theonewayinwhichtheydiffer:

they'reextremelysocial. Theydon'tsitinseminarsonSaturdaymorning. （Laughter） Theydon'tspendtimealone. Eachofthemisinaromanticrelationship andeachhasarichrepertoireoffriends.

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05Butwatchouthere.Thisismerelycorrelationaldata,notcausal, andit'sabouthappinessinthefirstHollywoodsenseI'mgoingtotalkabout:

 happinessofebullienceandgigglingandgoodcheer. AndI'mgoingtosuggesttoyouthat'snotnearlyenough,injustamoment. Wefoundwecouldbegintolookatinterventionsoverthecenturies, fromtheBuddhatoTonyRobbins. About120interventionshavebeenproposed thatallegedlymakepeoplehappy. Andwefindthatwe'vebeenabletomanualizemanyofthem, andweactuallycarryoutrandomassignment efficacyandeffectivenessstudies. Thatis,whichonesactuallymakepeoplelastinglyhappier?

 Inacoupleofminutes,I'lltellyouaboutsomeofthoseresults.

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53ButtheupshotofthisisthatthemissionIwantpsychologytohave, inadditiontoitsmissionofcuringthementallyill, andinadditiontoitsmissionofmakingmiserablepeoplelessmiserable, iscanpsychologyactuallymakepeoplehappier?

 Andtoaskthatquestion--happyisnotawordIuseverymuch-- we'vehadtobreakitdownintowhatIthinkisaskableabouthappy. AndIbelievetherearethreedifferent-- andIcallthemdifferentbecausedifferentinterventionsbuildthem, it'spossibletohaveoneratherthantheother-- threedifferenthappylives. Thefirsthappylifeisthepleasantlife. Thisisalifeinwhichyouhaveasmuchpositiveemotionasyoupossiblycan, andtheskillstoamplifyit. Thesecondisalifeofengagement-- alifeinyourwork,yourparenting,yourlove,yourleisure,timestopsforyou. That'swhatAristotlewastalkingabout. Andthird,themeaningfullife. SoIwanttosayalittlebitabouteachofthoselives andwhatweknowaboutthem.

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01Thefirstlifeisthepleasantlifeandit'ssimply,asbestwecanfindit, it'shavingasmanyofthepleasuresasyoucan, asmuchpositiveemotionasyoucan, andlearningtheskills--savoring,mindfulness--thatamplifythem, thatstretchthemovertimeandspace. Butthepleasantlifehasthreedrawbacks, andit'swhypositivepsychologyisnothappy-ologyandwhyitdoesn'tendhere.

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30Thefirstdrawbackisthatitturnsoutthepleasantlife, yourexperienceofpositiveemotion,isheritable,about50percentheritable,and,infact,notverymodifiable. SothedifferenttricksthatMatthieu[Ricard]andIandothersknow aboutincreasingtheamountofpositiveemotioninyourlife are15to20percenttricks,gettingmoreofit. Secondisthatpositiveemotionhabituates.Ithabituatesrapidly,indeed. It'salllikeFrenchvanillaicecream,thefirsttasteisa100percent; bythetimeyou'redowntothesixthtaste,it'sgone. And,asIsaid,it'snotparticularlymalleable.

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18Andthisleadstothesecondlife. AndIhavetotellyouaboutmyfriend,Len, totalkaboutwhypositivepsychologyismorethanpositiveemotion, morethanbuildingpleasure. Intwoofthethreegreatarenasoflife,bythetimeLenwas30, Lenwasenormouslysuccessful.Thefirstarenawaswork. Bythetimehewas20,hewasanoptionstrader. Bythetimehewas25,hewasamultimillionaire andtheheadofanoptionstradingcompany. Second,inplay--he'sanationalchampionbridgeplayer. Butinthethirdgreatarenaoflife,love,Lenisanabysmalfailure. Andthereasonhewas,wasthatLenisacoldfish.（Laughter）

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09Lenisanintrovert. AmericanwomensaidtoLen,whenhedatedthem, "You'renofun.Youdon'thavepositiveemotion.Getlost." AndLenwaswealthyenoughtobeabl