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级学年论文模板

学年论文

（2012级）

英汉饮食隐喻对比研究

学生姓名张三

学号0301070405？

系别外语系

专业班级英语120？

班

完成日期2013年6月9日

AComparativeStudyofEnglishandChineseDiningMetaphor

Abstract:

Metaphorisanintegralpartofcultureandcanreflectmostoftheculturalcontents.Anditwasaprocessofcross-domainmapping.Indiningmetaphor,thatismappingtheconceptsofdiningdomainintoourconceptualdomain.Sometaphorisnotrelatedwithlanguageitselfbutrelatedwiththoughts.Differentculturebackgroundwillaffectthesourcedomaingreatly,butsomemetaphoricalexpressionofhumanbeings’commonfeaturessuchas“eat”,arethesameindifferentlanguages.ThedifferenceofdiningmetaphorinEnglishandChinesewereanalyzedbasedonthetwodifferentculturalbackgrounds.Andthisstudyattemptstomakeacomparisonofdiningmetaphor,takingdiningmetaphoricalexpressionsasobjectives,inEnglishandChinese,basedonalargeamountofsourcematerials.

Keywords:

culturecomparison;diningmetaphor;sourcedomain

AComparativeStudyofEnglishandChineseDiningMetaphor

1.Introduction

ItcanbetracedbacktoAristotlewhostudiedmetaphorasalinguisticphenomenon.But,forhim,metaphorwasarhetoricaldeviceonly.However,thestudyofmetaphorhasenteredanewerainthepastfewdecadeswhenalotofscholarsdevotethemselvestothestudyofcross-culturalvariationsofmetaphorasamatterofthoughtfromacognitiveperspective.Diningmetaphorwasthereforecomingintoourmind.Asanoldsayinggoes:

“Hungerbreedsdiscontent.”Eatingbeinghumaninstinctisabasicdailyactivity.Inthelonghumanhistory,peoplelivingindifferentareaformedmanydifferentdininghabits,whichresultedindailylanguagearenumerouscharacteristicallymetaphoricalexpressions.

Withsuchkindofexpressionsindailylanguage,thepresentstudyisgoingtomakeacomparisonofdiningmetaphorbetweenEnglishandChinesefromculturaldifferencestorevealthedetailsofthesharedpatternsanddiversitiesincreatingmetaphorinthetwolanguages.

2.LiteratureReviewonDiningMetaphor

Diningmetaphorisarecentlyappearedstudyalongwiththeboomofcognitivemetaphor.ManyChineseandwesternscholarshavedevotedthemselvesintothisstudy.Andbecauseofthedeepdiningculturebackground,itappearsthatmoreChinesescholarsareincliningtomakeadepth-studyinthisfieldthanwesternscholars.Butamongthosewhohavemadeasystematicanalysisofdiningmetaphor,mostscholarsdigonlyoneaspectormakenocomparison.

2.1StudiesonDomesticDiningMetaphor

YinshiisatraditionalChineseconcept,anditincludesextensivecontentsfromfooditselftoanythingrelatedwithit:

thewaytoeat,cookery,tablemanners,cuisines,etc.InChina,thestudyinthisfieldisaccordinglydividedintodifferentperspectivesandthefocuswasmajorlylainonthefollowingfouraspects:

“Eat”（Yang,2004;Wang,2007）,“foodcategoryverbs”（Gao&Tan,2009）,“cooking”（Wang,2001;Jie,2002）and“menu”（Liu,2003;Ren,2001）.

Yang（2004）,madeacontrastivestudyconcerningeatingmetaphorsinChineseandEnglishbasedonHutchins’theoryofpropositionschema.Throughthestudy,hetellsusthatthedifferencessurpassthesimilaritiesinsuchmetaphorsbetweenthetwolanguages.Healsodevelopsthecloserelationshipbetweenculture,metaphorandlanguagewithgreatclarity.AnotherscholarWang（2007）haselaboratelyapproachedintoeatingmetaphor.TakingLakoff’scontemporarytheoryofmetaphorasbasis,shediscussestheeatingmetaphorofChinesefromaculturalperspective.

GaoandTan（2009）arerepresentativeswhofocusonmetaphoroffoodcategoryverbs.Theyanalyzedthecommonnessandindividualityofconceptualmetaphorsinfoodcategoryverbs.Andtheyconcludedthatverbssuchaschew,swallowanddigest,asthemostbasichumanphysicalactivities,canbeusedbothinEnglishandChinesetodescribeabstractconceptsoractivitiesoutsideoftheirownbehavior.Suchphysicalactivitiescanconstructabstractconceptualdomainsaswellasbodypartsandfeelings.Theyalsoreferthattheseverbscanbemajorlyprojectedontothreedomainsofexperience:

1）mentaldomain2）affectivedomain3）thedomainofsocialrelations.However,inthisstudy,onlythescopeofverbsiscoveredandtheauthormakesnosystematicanalysisindiningmetaphor.

Astocookingmetaphor,Wang（2001）hasmadeacontrastofEnglishandChinesecookingterms.Heclaimsthat,generallyspeaking,ChinesecookingtermsarericherthanthoseofEnglishorinotherwordsChinesecookingvocabularyismorelexicalized.Henumeratedallthedifferencesbetweenthetwonationstothedifferenthistoricaltradition,naturalenvironmentandsocialvaluesofeating.Jie（2002）makesafulldescriptionofthedifferencesofthesemanticcookingtermsbetweenEnglishandChinese.

Whilereferringtothestudyaboutmenumetaphor,Liu（2003）andRen（2001）can’tbeexcluded.LiudiscussedtheregulationsofnamingChinesedishes,thatis,therelationsbetweentheheadwordandthepre-modifiersorpost-modifiers.Meanwhiletherulesfortranslation,whicharetheprincipleofpragmatism,theprincipleofconcisenessandtransliteration,arediscussed.RendiscussessomebasicfeaturesofEnglishversionChinesedishandfoodnames,inbothoralandwrittensituations.

2.2StudiesonDiningMetaphorAbroad

AlittlebitdifferentfromChinese,littleaboutmenuisstudiedascomparedwithotheraspectsofdining.Pouget（2006）istheoneoffewwhostudiesmenumetaphor.Sheanalysesasampleof1013menuitemsfromtheTarragonaareatostatetheprobleminmenutranslation.Laura（1999）explorestheidiomaticexpressionsoffoodanddrinkinthe1755and1773editionsofSamuelJohns’bookADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.Deignan（2001）discussesemphaticallyinfoodproduction,kitchenequipment,cookingmethod,andflavorinherbookMetaphor:

ColliesCobuildGuides.Kovecses（2002）pointsoutthatcookingisoneofcommonsourcedomains,buthedidn’tmakefurtherdiscussion.

Studiesmentionedabovearetheleadingstudyofdiningmetaphor.ButmostofthescholarschooseonlyoneorsomeaspectsofdiningtodiscussandonlyafewmadeacontrastivestudyinEnglishandChinesediningmetaphor.Thereforethepresentstudyinthistopicisnecessary.

3.Metaphor

ThestudyofmetaphorhasneverbeeninterruptedsincetheageofAristotleandwasfromthesurfaceintothedepth.In1970swhenopinionaboutmetaphorwaschangedfromapurerhetoricaldeviceintocognitivephenomenathestudyofmetaphormeetitspeak.Fromthenon,cross-culturalvariationsofmetaphorstudiesspringuplikemushroom.

3.1DefinitionofMetaphor

Aswementionedabovethatopinionaboutmetaphorwasoncechangedfromapurerhetoricaldeviceintocognitivephenomena,thedefinitionofmetaphorunderwentsuchchangeaswell.MetaphorwasfirstlydescribedbyAristotleas“thetranspositionofanounfromitspropersignification,eitherfromthegenustothespecies,orfromthespeciestothegenus;orfromspeciestospecies,oraccordingtotheanalogous”（Buck,1971:

73）.Later,inthe1930s,Richards（1936:

21）enrichedthistheory.Hepointedthatmetaphorisaprocesscontainingtwothoughtsofdifferentthingsactivetogetherandsupportedbyasingleword,orphrase,whosemeaningisaresultoftheirinteraction.ThenLakoffandJohnsonhavemadeagreatcontributiontothetheoryofcognitivemetaphor.Theirdefinitionofmetaphor“tounderstandandexperienceonekindofthingintermsofanother”（Lakoff&Johnson,1980:

5）wasmostwidelyadoptednow.

3.2ProcedureofMetaphor:

Cross-DomainMappings

Theword“metaphor”isoriginatedfromtheGreek“metaphera”.Itwasacompoundof“Meta”,whichmeans“between”or“after”,and“-phor”thatmeans“tobear”or“tocarry”.Therefore,metaphorischaracterizedbymeaningtransference,whichimpliesthattwoconceptsaretherebyinvolvedintheconstructionofmetaphor.Thetwoconceptsarecalled“targetdomain”and“sourcedomain”,wherethe“targetdomain”meansthestartingpointordescribedconceptwhilethe“sourcedomain”isthecomparisonconceptortheanalogy.AccordingtoLakoffandTurner（1989）,thewordmetaphorhascometomeanacross-domainmappingintheconceptualsystem.TakingHeIsaCouchPotatometaphorasexample,thespeakerusedamnemonicforasetofontologicalcorrespondencesthatcharacterizeamapping,namely:

He（aperson）-As-CouchPotatomapping.

♦Themancorrespondstoapotato

♦Theman’sstatusofwatchingTVcorrespondstothestatusofapotatostayinthecouch

♦Theman’sshapecorrespondstothepotato’sshape

TheHe-As-CouchPotatomappingisasetofontologicalcorrespondencesthatcharacterizeepistemiccorrespondencesbymappingknowledgeaboutpotatoinacouchontoknowledgeaboutmanwhostayinacouchwatchingTV.

Eachmetaphoricalmappingfromthesourcetothetargetgenerallyconsistsofthefollowings:

（1）Slotsinthesource-domainschema,whichgetmappedontothetargetdomain.Insomecasesthetarget-domainslotsexistindependentlyofthemetaphoricmappingwhilesomeothertargetdomainslotsarecreatedbythemapping.

（2）Relationsinthesourcedomain,whichgetmappedontorelationsinthetargetdomain.

（3）Propertiesinthesourcedomain,whichgetmappedontopropertiesinthetargetdomain.

（4）Knowledgeinthesourcedomain,whichgetsmappedontoknowledgeinthetargetdomain.Ourknowledgeofadomainallowsustodrawinferencesaboutthatdomain.Whenadomainservesasasourcedomainforametaphoricmapping,inferencespatternsinthesourcedomainaremappedontothetargetdomain.（LakoffandTurner,1989:

63）

However,mappin