英语四级长篇阅读练习题和答案.docx
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英语四级长篇阅读练习题和答案
英语四级长篇阅读练习题和答案
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TheHeartAssoeiationsJunkScienceDietA.ArecentCambridge...
下面是我整理的,希望对大家有帮助。
TheHeartAssoeiationsJunkScienceDiet
A.ArecentCambridgeUniversityanalysisof76studiesinvolvingmorethan650,000peopleconcluded,"ThecurrentevidencedoesnotclearlysupportguidelinesthatlowconsumptionoftotalSaturatedfats."YettheAmericanHeartAssociation(AriA.,initsmostrecentdietaryguidelines,heldfasttotheideathatwemustA.leatlow.fatdietsforoptimalhearthealth.Itsastancethat—attheverybest—iscontroversiA.,andatworstisdeadwrong.Asapracticingcardiologist(心脏病学家)formorethanthreedecades,Iagreewiththelatte—itsdeadwrong.WhydoestheAHAclingtorecommendationsthatflyinthefaceofscientificevidence?
B.WhatIdiscoveredwasbotheye.openinganddisturbin9.TheAHAnotonlyignoredA.ltheotherriskfactorsforheartdisease,butitappointedsomeonewithtiestoBigFoodandbizarrescientificbeliefstoleadtheguideline-writingpaneHustthetypeofthingthatunderminesthepublicsconfidenceinthemedicalcommunity.TheAHAguidelineswarrantthatsaturatedfatmakeupnomorethan5to6percentofdailycaloriesforadultsbecausethiswilllower"bad"cholesterol(胆固醇).And,forthosepeoplewhoneedbloodpressurecontrol,theguidelinesA.sosuggestloweringsodium(salt)intaketonomorethanateaspoon(2,300mg)daily.Despitemanyotherknownriskfactorsforheartdisease,saltandfatwere,astonishingly,theonlytwoconsideredbytheAHApanelwritingtheguidelines.TherearemanyotherrecognizedriskfactorstheAHAignored,includingbloodsugarlevel,low"good"cholesterol,insulin(胰岛素)levels,andbodyweight—anoftheseareinfluencedbydiet.
C.Infact,mostpeoplewhohaveheartattacksdonthaveelevationsinbadcholesterol.Theyaremuchmorelikelytohavemetabolicsyndrome(新陈代谢综合征)—aconditionthatputsyouathighriskfordiabetesandheartdisease.Interestinglyenough,bloodtriglycerides(甘油三脂)donotgoupwitheatingfat—theygoupifyoueatadiethighinprocessedgrains,starches,andsugar.Unfortunatelyfortheproponentsofhigh-carbohydrate(糖类)diets,highbloodtriglyceridesareamajorriskfactorforheartdisease.Inaddition.lowfat/highcarbdietslowerprotective"good"cholesterolandraiseinsulin.
Thesedietsareinvolvedinthedevelopmentofdiabetes.whichisapowerfulriskfactorfordevelopingheartdisease.
HeartCheekProgramscontribution
D.Thewritersofthe2013statinguidelinesbasedtheirrecommendationsonstudiesthatlookedatthereductionintheriskofeventslikeheartattacksinpeopletreatedwithparedtopeopleonaplacebo(安慰剂).TheAHAdietaryguidelinesdonotciteanydietstudiesthatlookedatwhetherfollowingaspecificdietloweredtheriskofdevelopingheartevents—yettheyaregivingdietaryadvice.Why?
Theremightbetwoplausiblereasons.OneistheAHAsmoneymaking"HeartCheckProgram."ThesecondistheconflictofinterestofRobertEcke—theco-chairofthepanelthatwrotetheguidelines.
E.Forty.fivepercentofthese"heartheA.thy"foods—over400ofthem—aremeat:
92areprocessedmeats—whichhavebeenshowntohaveeitherneutrA.ornegativeeffectsonhearthealth.Evenmoreproblematicarethefoodscontainingaddedsugar.TheAHArecommendsthatwomenconsumeless
than6teaspoons(100calories)ofsugaradayandlessthan9teaspoons(150caories)formen.YetthereareitemsthatgetthenodofapprovA.fromtheHeartCheckprogramdespitebeingnearoratthesugarlimit.1ikeBrucesYamsCandiedSweetPotatoesandHeA.thyChoiceSA.isburySteak.
F.Untilthisyear,HeartCheckapprovedmanyfoodswithtrans-fats,whichraisebadcholesterolandlowergoodcholesterol,amongotherharmfuleffectsonheA.th,likeincreasinginflammation(发炎)andthelayingdownofcalciuminarteries(动脉).
G.Likethedietaryguidelines,theAHAHeartCheckProgramappearstoaddressonlytheeffectoffoodsoncholesterollevelandbloodpressure.Meanwhile,sincethe1970s,ouryearlysugarconsumptionhasincreasedquicklyA.ongwiththeincidenceofdiabetesandobesity.ThisbringsustoDr.Robert
H.Eckel,theco-chairoftheWorkingGroup.HeisaconsultantforFoodminds.whichspecializes"infood,beverage,nutrition,healthandwellness."Foodmindsworkswithmorethan30leadingfood,beverage,andnutritiontooffera"onestopshopof...consulting...toguidefoodandbeveragecompaniesinnavigatingthecomplexitiesaroundtheupcomingFDANutritionFactslabeloverhaul."Inotherwords.Foodmindsisalobbyingfirmfor"BigFood."
Creationistscoming
H.Andthenthereisthis:
Dr.Eckeldescribeshimselfas"ascientistandprofessingsix.daycreationistandamemberofthetechnicA.advisoryboardoftheInstituteforCreationResearch..."Manyscientistsarereligious.111isisnottoquestionDr.Eckelsreligiousbeliefs.buttoquestionhisabilitytothinksciemificA.ly.Hebelievesthereisscientificproofthattheworldwascreatedinsixdaysandmatevolutiondoesnotexist.Thisshouldatleastraiseeyebrowswhentheco-chairofaninfluentialpanelchargedwithgivingscientificA.lysounddietaryadvicehasafinanciA.conflictofinterestandproselytizesforbeliefsthatareanti.scientific.
I.TheAmericanpeopleshouldbeabletotrustthatonlyimpartiA.scientistswriteguidelines.Weshouldbeconfidentthatthoseexpertsarenotworkingtoadvancecorporateinterestsandthattheydonotespousebeliefsthatarewelloutsidethescientificmainstream.Anavowedcreationistwhoconsultsforafoodlobbyhardlyseemsanappropriatechoicetofulfillthesecriteria.Forthelastseveraldecades,theAHAhaspromotedalow.fathigll.carbohydratedietasacornerstoneofhearthealth.Ithastakenaverypublicpositionthatsaturatedfatsareamajordriverofheartdiseaseriskandthemountingtideofevidencethatthisisdeadwrongmustputitinaveryuncomfortableposition.Andyetafundamentalrequirementofscience--asopposedtopropaganda--isthatwhenevidencethatcontradictsahypothesisisreplicatedoverandoveragain,thathypothesismustbeabandoned.
J.Theideathateatinghighamountsofsaturatedfatcauseshardeningofthearteries—theso.called"diet-hearthypothesis—deservestobeiettisonedalongwithotherdiscreditedbeliefsystems.Creationismcomestomind.WilltheAHAstepuptotheplate?
46.Itisftmthatbloodtriglyeerideswontrisewhenyoueatfat,butgoupwitheatingothersugarandstarches.
47.Theprocessedmeatsareprovedtobeharmfulmoreorlesstoourhearthealth.
48.ManyotherknownriskfactorsforheartdiseasehavebeenoverlookedbytheAHApanel.exceptforsaltandfat.
49.ItdoesnotaimtoquerythereligiousfaithofDr.Eckel,buthiscapabilitytoponderscientifically.
50.Atbest.theideaheldbyAHAthatwemustA.leatlow.fatdietsforoptimA.heartheA.thisacontroversiA.stance,whileatworst,itisdeadwrong.
51.ManyfoodsapprovedbyHeartCheckwouldbeharmfultoourbodyhealth.
52.Ahypothesismustbeiettisonedwhenitclasheswiththeconvincingevidence.
53.Sincethe1970s.ourannuallysugaraccommodationhasrocketedA.ongwiththeoccurrenceofdiabetesandobesity.
54.Theviewthathighintakeofsaturatedfatcouldresultinsclerosisofarteryshouldbediscardedwithotheruntrustfulbeliefs.
55.TheAHAdietaryguidelinesdonotquoteanydietresearchesthatcantelluswhetheraspecificdietcandecreasetheriskofheartdisease.
46.Itisfunthatbloodtriglycerideswontrisewhenyoueatfat.butgoupwitheatingothersugarandstarches.有趣的是,当你食用脂肪时血甘油三酯不会升高,而食用一些糖类或淀粉时就会升高。
47.Theprocessedmeatsareprovedtobeharmfulmoreorlesstoourhearthealth.经预处理的肉多多少少会对我们的心脏健康有负作用。
48.ManyotherknownriskfactorsforheartdiseasehavebeenoverlookedbytheAHApanel,exceptforsaltandfat.很多其他影响心脏健康的危险因素被AHA饮食指南制定小组忽略了,但盐分和脂肪除外。
49.ItdoesnotaimtoquerythereligiousfaithofDr.Eckel.buthiscapabilitytoponderscientifically.这并不是在质疑埃克尔博士的宗教信仰,而是他进行科学化思考的能力。
50.Atbest.theideaheldbyAHAthatwemustalleatlow-fatdietsforoptimalheartheA.thisacontroversialstance,whileatWorst,itisdeadwrong.从最好的一面来看,AHA坚持我们必须采用低脂肪饮食以达到最佳的心脏健康状态的观点是有争议的,然而最坏的就是,它是大错特错的。
51.ManyfoodsapprovedbyHeartCheckwouldbeharmfultoourbodyhealth.心脏检查程序认证通过的许多食物对我们的身体是有害的。
52.Ahypothesismustbejettisonedwhenitclasheswiththeconvincingevidence.当一个假设与令人信服的证据冲突时,它应该果断被摒弃。
53.Sincethe1970s,Ourannuallysugaraccommodationhasrocketedalongwiththeoccurrenceofdiabetesandobesity.自20世纪70年代以来,糖的年供应量随着糖尿病和肥胖症的高发迅速增加。
54.Theviewthathighintakeofsaturatedfatcouldresultinsclerosisofarteryshouldbediscardedwithotheruntrustfulbeliefs.摄入高含量的饱和脂肪会导致动脉硬化的观点应该和其他不可信的观念一同被抛弃。
55.TheAHAdietaryguidelinesdonotquoteanydietresearchesthatCantelluswhetheraspecificdietCandecreasetheriskofheartdisease.AHA的饮食指南并没有引用任何饮食研究,这些研究也并未指出特定的饮食是否可以降低患心脏病的风险。
RobotManagement
A.Robotshavebeenthestuffofsciencefictionforsolongthatitissurprisinglyhardtoseethemasthestuffofmanagementfact.ACzechplaywright,KarelCapek,gavethemtheirnamein1920(fromtheSlavonicwordfor"work").AnAmericanwriter,IsaacAsimov,confrontedthemwiththeirmostmemorabledilemmas.
Hollywoodturnedthemintosuperheroesandsupervillains.WhensomefilmcriticsdrewuplistsofHollywoods50greatestgoodguysand50greatestbaddies,theonlycharactertoappearonbothlistswasarobot,theTerminator.
B.Itistimeformanagementthinkerstocatchupwithscience-fictionwriters.Robotshavebeendoingauxiliaryjobsonproductionlinessincethe1960s.Theworldalreadyhasmorethanlmindustrialrobots.Thereisnowanaccelerationin