英语词汇学教程夏洋邵林主编unit8.ppt
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WordMeaningandMotivation词义与理据Unit81conventionalityconventionality&motivation&motivationmaintypesofmaintypesofwordmeaningwordmeaning2341ConventionalityandMotivation1ConventionalityandMotivationA.Conventionality:
A.Conventionality:
Thereisnointrinsicrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense.房子房子domhousecasamaison5“Whatsinaname?
Thatwhichwecallarose.Whatsinaname?
Thatwhichwecallarose.Byanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”Byanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”-Shakespeare:
-Shakespeare:
RomeoandJulietRomeoandJuliet,ActII,Scene2,ActII,Scene2姓名本来是没有意义的;姓名本来是没有意义的;我们叫做玫瑰的这种花,我们叫做玫瑰的这种花,要是换个名字,要是换个名字,它还是同样芬芳。
它还是同样芬芳。
(朱生豪(朱生豪译)译)6B.MotivationB.Motivation1.Definition:
1.Definition:
MotivationMotivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenword-referstotheconnectionbetweenword-symbolanditssense.symbolanditssense.E.g.:
E.g.:
electroelectrocardiocardiogramgramantianti-war-warinsectiinsecticidecide2.Motivationcanarise2.MotivationcanariseinthreemajorwaysinthreemajorwaysSemanticmotivation:
(meaning)3.Morphologicalmotivation:
(form)2.Phoneticmotivation:
(sound)1.781)Phoneticmotivation:
(sound)1)Phoneticmotivation:
(sound)tick-tack,cuckoo,meowtick-tack,cuckoo,meowcock-a-du-dow-doocock-a-du-dow-doo(echoic/onomatopoeicwords)(echoic/onomatopoeicwords)ThetestofgenuinelyonomatopoeicwordisitsThetestofgenuinelyonomatopoeicwordisitsintelligibilitytoaforeignerwhohasnoknowledgeoftheintelligibilitytoaforeignerwhohasnoknowledgeofthelanguageinquestion.languageinquestion.2)Morphologicalmotivation:
(form)2)Morphologicalmotivation:
(form)shoe-makershoe-makerflat-footflat-footnight-capnight-capsweet-toothsweet-tooth这些汉字啥意思?
这些汉字啥意思?
v孬孬v甭甭v嫑嫑v歪歪v忈忈v槑槑v奤奤v覅覅v奣奣v氼氼9v嘦嘦v勥勥v巭巭v恏恏v兲兲10113)Semanticmotivation:
(meaning)3)Semanticmotivation:
(meaning)Itisakindofmentalassociation;theconnectionItisakindofmentalassociation;theconnectionbetweenliteralmeaningandfigurativemeaning.betweenliteralmeaningandfigurativemeaning.e.g.:
e.g.:
aastonystonyheartheartaagrassygrassycarpetcarpetTheThekettlekettleisboiling.isboiling.HemanagestoearnHemanagestoearnbreadbread.122.2.TypesTypesofWordMeaningofWordMeaningA.GrammaticalMeaningA.GrammaticalMeaningword-class/partofspeechword-class/partofspeechinflectionalparadigminflectionalparadigmB.LexicalMeaningB.LexicalMeaningdenotativemeaningdenotativemeaningconnotativemeaningconnotativemeaningsocialmeaningsocialmeaningaffectivemeaningaffectivemeaning13A.GrammaticalMeaning:
A.GrammaticalMeaning:
1.Word-class/partofspeech1.Word-class/partofspeechgirl(singular)girls(plural)girl(singular)girls(plural)Thedogbittheman.(SVO)Thedogbittheman.(SVO)modern(a.)modernize(v.)modernization(n.)modern(a.)modernize(v.)modernization(n.)2.Inflectionalparadigm2.Inflectionalparadigmthesetofgrammaticalformsofawordthesetofgrammaticalformsofawordwritewriteswritewriteswrotewrittenwrotewritten14B.LexicalMeaningB.LexicalMeaning1.denotativemeaning:
1.denotativemeaning:
(外延(外延/概念意义)概念意义)a.thecentralmeaning/definitioninthedictionaryb.relativelystablefather/dad/daddy/papa/maleparentc.sometechnicalwordshaveonlydenotativeM.cardiovascularmusculoskeletalelectrocardiogram152.ConnotativeMeaning:
2.ConnotativeMeaning:
(内涵意义)内涵意义)theemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasetheemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasesuggestsinonesmind.suggestsinonesmind.E.g.:
E.g.:
MOTHERMOTHERlove/tenderness/carelove/tenderness/careGIRLGIRLweakersex/frail/pronetotearsweakersex/frail/pronetotearsE.g.:
owl/dragonE.g.:
owl/dragon16vConnotationpertainingtoindividualConnotationpertainingtoindividualDifferentbecauseofpersonalexperiencesMotherforCinderellavConnotationpertainingtoagroupConnotationpertainingtoagroupDifferentbecauseoftheeducation,physicalenvironmentandculture,etc.RoadforEskimosinGreenland173.Social/StylisticMeaning:
3.Social/StylisticMeaning:
(社会社会/文体意义)文体意义)TheappropriatenessoflanguagefindsitswayinthefollowingTheappropriatenessoflanguagefindsitswayinthefollowingaspects:
aspects:
1)ThesocialrelationshipbetweenSpeakersandcorrespondents;1)ThesocialrelationshipbetweenSpeakersandcorrespondents;2)Thespecificoccasion;2)Thespecificoccasion;3)Thesubjectmatter;3)Thesubjectmatter;4)Themodeofdiscourse.4)Themodeofdiscourse.18TheFiveClocks-MartinJoos(1967)TheFiveClocks-MartinJoos(1967)1)frozenstyle1)frozenstyle2)formalstyle2)formalstyle3)consultativestyle3)consultativestyle4)casualstyle4)casualstyle5)intimatestyle5)intimatestyleNote:
Note:
Noneofthesestyleisbetterthananyother;Noneofthesestyleisbetterthananyother;appropriatenessisthekeytothegooduseofthevariousappropriatenessisthekeytothegooduseofthevariousstyles.styles.19lAforeign-bornplumberintheNewYorkCitywrotetotheFede