新世纪实用英语写作Chapter4.ppt
《新世纪实用英语写作Chapter4.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《新世纪实用英语写作Chapter4.ppt(43页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
Chapter4ENGLISHESSAYWRITINGEnglishEssayWriting4.1StructureofEnglishEssays4.2WritingProcess4.3TypesofEnglishEssays4.1StructureofEnglishEssays
(1)Introductoryparagraph
(2)Themainbody(3)Concludingparagraph
(1)IntroductoryParagraphIntroductoryparagraphusuallyincludestwoparts:
generalstatement(概括性阐述)thesisstatement(主题阐述)ActivityThinkanddiscusswithyourpartneraboutthemainpointsofathesisstatement.在一个完整的句子中表达有关主旨的态度、观点或见解。
主题阐述应表达一个观点,而不应表达一个事实,需要进一步的解释和论证。
并非简单地提出文章将要展开的主题,而要表明和限制其展开的方法。
位置最好是在引言段的结尾或接近段尾处。
ActivityReadandappreciatethefollowingparagraph.Travelingtoaforeigncountryisalwaysinteresting,especiallyifitisacountrythatiscompletelydifferentfromyourown.Youcandelightintastingnewfoods,seeingnewsights,andlearningaboutdifferentcustoms,someofwhichmayseemverycurious.Ifyouweretovisitmycountry,forinstance,youwouldprobablythinkthatmypeoplehavesomeverystrangecustoms,asthesethreeexampleswillillustrate在这个引言段中,作者在第一个句子中引出了“travelingtoaforeigncountry”的话题。
然后,把这个题目缩小到具体的方面,即作者自己国家的风俗习惯。
作者在段落最后的一个句子中提出对主题的阐述,其中表述段落主旨的关键词是“strange”。
在正文中将用三个具体的例证阐述这种独特的风俗习惯。
EffectiveIntroductionHowtowriteeffectiveintroduction?
PertinentQuotationQuestionRhetoricalQuestionAutobiographyFactsandStatisticsRefutation开篇恰当地引用名人名言或格言谚语,会使文章显得富于哲理。
这不仅是引起读者注意的一种简单而有效的方法,而且还可以增强文章的说服力和表现力。
“Theonlyuselesslifeiswomans,”wroteBenjaminDisraeliaboutacenturyago.Todaymanyfeministsarehardatworktoliberatewomanfromthe“useless”lifeofhousewifetoa“useful”oneofengineer,doctor,orpoliticalleader.Allwomen,however,donotconsiderthelifeofkeepinghouseandrearingchildrenuseless.Infact,asstrangeasitmaysoundtomostpeople,notallwomenwanttobeliberated.PertinentQuotation(恰当的引(恰当的引语)在引言段中提出一个将在文章中阐释的问题,可以引起读者对主题的思考。
Whatshouldwegetfromcollege?
Somestudentswilltellyouverydefinitelywhattheywant.Onewantstotakeallthosesubjects,andonlythose,thatwillhelphergetintomedicalschool;another,knowingthatajobawaitshiminhisfathersfirm,wantstobecomeanengineerasquicklyandpainlesslyashecan.Ontheotherhandistheperson,whoIsuspectisinthemajority,whoseonlydefiniteaimistodiscoversomedefiniteaim(Horner,1988,p.237).Question(问题问题)RhetoricalQuestion(修辞性疑修辞性疑问句)句)反诘是以问句的形式表述自己观点的方法,用以加重语气或强调效果,而并不是真正的问句。
作者不是为了获得新信息而发问,而是为了引起读者的思考,所以不要求回答。
ArethecourtsabolishingsexdiscriminationinAmericaneducation?
Recentcourtdecisionsconcerningchargesofsexdiscriminationinuniversityathleticshaveraisedsomeveryrealdoubtsinthemindsoffemaleathletesaboutthewillingnessofthecourtstoabolishsexbias.Areviewofthreeofthesecaseswillillustratethepoint.Autobiography(个人个人经历)在引言段中,以描写与主题相关的个人的一次经历或一个事件开头,引发主题,可使内容生动逼真,但是这种引言对作文来讲可能会显得太长。
Aboutadozenpeoplescamperedoffthebusasitsdoorsswishedopen.WhenIreachedthesidewalk,Istoppedforseveralsecondsbeforedecidingtogointothecornerrestaurantandhaveacupofcoffee.AsIenteredthecrowdedrestaurantandmovedtowardthelunchcounter,awell-dressedelderlyman(whoseemedtohaveappearedoutofnowhere)puthishandonmyshoulderandsaid,“Youngman,howwouldyouliketomakealotofmoney?
”ThiswasthebeginningofoneofthemostunusualexperiencesIeverhad.FactsandStatistics(事事实和和统计数字数字)列举与论点相关的事实和统计数字,从而引起读者的关心注和兴趣。
不过,必须确定所你提出的事实是真实的并与论点相关的。
AnewCensusBureaureportpredictsthattherewillbe383millionAmericansintheyear2050.Thats128millionmorethantherearenow,and83millionmorethanthebureauwaspredictingjustfouryearsago,whenitappearedthattheU.S.populationwouldperkandstabilizeataround300million.Refutation(驳斥驳斥)在引言段中先总结陈述对方的观点或意见,然后再表达自己的观点。
以一种灵活的方式确立论点,对于议论文不失为恰当的写作手法。
Forcingchildrentodothings,ingeneral,isgoodifthechildisindangerortooyoungtomakemajordecisions.Parentsmayalsoarguethatforcingtheirchildtotakeupcertainhobbies,likethepiano,willgivethechildawell-roundededucationandapossiblefuturecareerinmusic.However,thereareseveralproblemswithforcingchildrentocomply:
abreakdownincommunicationbetweenthechildrenandtheparents,rebellion,andfailureinschool(Leonhard,1999,p.101).
(2)MainBody:
FormalOutlinePatternThesisStatement:
I.FirstmainideaA.Firstsubordinateidea1.Firstexampleorillustration2.Secondexampleorillustrationa.Firstsupportingdetailb.SecondSupportingdetailB.SecondsubordinateideaII.Secondmainidea(3)ConcludingParagraph结尾段位于短文的末尾,是整篇文章不可缺少的组成部分,是要点总结。
它总结归纳文章正文阐述的观点,并重申主题,与引言段首尾呼应。
结尾应该警策有力而又耐人寻味。
WritingRequirements以不同的简洁的语句重述主题使之得到深化。
对主题做最后评论,以引起读者对文章主题的回味和思考。
总结文章论证要点,加深读者对整篇文章的理解,并留下更深刻的印象。
在结尾段开首时运用表示结论的转承词语以示整篇文章就要结束,同时也使结尾段与正文的连接更为流畅自然。
TypicalConclusionsEvaluatingtheSubject(评价主题的重要性)Theseamazing,controversialphotographsofthecometwillcontinuetobethesubjectofdebatebecause,accordingtosomescientists,theyyieldthemostimportantcluesyetrevealedabouttheoriginsofouruniverse.StatingBroaderImplication(阐述深远的寓意)BecausethesestudiesoffelineleukemiamaysomedayplayacrucialroleinthediscoveryofacureforAIDSinhumanbeings,theexperiments,asexpensiveastheyare,mustcontinue.UsingWitticism(用诙谐的语言深化主题)Noonesaiddietingwaseasy.Butforsomeofuswhohavesurrendered,thecliche“halfaloafisbetterthannone”hastakenonnewmeaning!
InferringandForecasting(推论或展望前景)Soapoperaswillcontinueto