新世纪实用英语写作Chapter4.ppt

1、Chapter 4ENGLISH ESSAY WRITINGEnglish Essay Writing4.1 Structure of English Essays4.2 Writing Process4.3 Types of English Essays 4.1 Structure of English Essays（1）Introductoryparagraph（2）Themainbody（3）Concludingparagraph（1）Introductory ParagraphIntroductoryparagraphusuallyincludestwoparts:generalsta

2、tement（概括性阐述）thesisstatement（主题阐述）ActivityThink and discuss with your partner about the main points of a thesis statement.在一个完整的句子中表达有关主旨的态度、观点或见解。主题阐述应表达一个观点，而不应表达一个事实，需要进一步的解释和论证。并非简单地提出文章将要展开的主题，而要表明和限制其展开的方法。位置最好是在引言段的结尾或接近段尾处。ActivityRead and appreciate the following paragraph.Traveling to a fo

3、reign country is always interesting,especiallyifitisacountrythatiscompletelydifferentfromyourown.Youcandelightintastingnewfoods,seeingnewsights,andlearningaboutdifferentcustoms,someofwhichmayseemverycurious.Ifyouweretovisitmycountry,forinstance,youwouldprobablythinkthat my people have some very stra

4、nge customs,asthesethreeexampleswillillustrate在这个引言段中，作者在第一个句子中引出了“travelingtoaforeigncountry”的话题。然后，把这个题目缩小到具体的方面，即作者自己国家的风俗习惯。作者在段落最后的一个句子中提出对主题的阐述，其中表述段落主旨的关键词是“strange”。在正文中将用三个具体的例证阐述这种独特的风俗习惯。Effective IntroductionHow to write effective introduction?PertinentQuotationQuestionRhetoricalQuestion

5、AutobiographyFactsandStatisticsRefutation开篇恰当地引用名人名言或格言谚语，会使文章显得富于哲理。这不仅是引起读者注意的一种简单而有效的方法，而且还可以增强文章的说服力和表现力。“The only useless life is womans,”wrote Benjamin Disraeliaboutacenturyago.Todaymanyfeministsarehardatworktoliberatewomanfromthe“useless”lifeofhousewifetoa“useful”oneofengineer,doctor,orpoliti

6、calleader.Allwomen,however,donotconsiderthelifeofkeepinghouseandrearingchildrenuseless.Infact,asstrangeasitmaysoundtomostpeople,notallwomenwanttobeliberated.Pertinent Quotation（恰当的引（恰当的引语）在引言段中提出一个将在文章中阐释的问题，可以引起读者对主题的思考。Whatshouldwegetfromcollege?Somestudentswilltellyouvery definitely what they wan

7、t.One wants to take all thosesubjects,andonlythose,thatwillhelphergetintomedicalschool;another,knowingthatajobawaitshiminhisfathersfirm,wantstobecomeanengineerasquicklyandpainlesslyashecan.Ontheotherhandistheperson,whoIsuspectisinthemajority,whoseonlydefiniteaimistodiscoversomedefiniteaim(Horner,198

8、8,p.237).Question（问题问题）Rhetorical Question（修辞性疑修辞性疑问句）句）反诘是以问句的形式表述自己观点的方法，用以加重语气或强调效果，而并不是真正的问句。作者不是为了获得新信息而发问，而是为了引起读者的思考，所以不要求回答。Are the courts abolishing sex discrimination in Americaneducation?Recent court decisions concerning charges of sexdiscriminationinuniversityathleticshaveraisedsomeveryr

9、ealdoubtsinthemindsoffemaleathletesaboutthewillingnessofthecourtstoabolishsexbias.Areviewofthreeofthesecaseswillillustratethepoint.Autobiography（个人个人经历）在引言段中，以描写与主题相关的个人的一次经历或一个事件开头，引发主题，可使内容生动逼真,但是这种引言对作文来讲可能会显得太长。About a dozen people scampered off the bus as its doorsswished open.When I reached th

10、e sidewalk,I stopped forseveralsecondsbeforedecidingtogointothecornerrestaurantandhaveacupofcoffee.AsIenteredthecrowdedrestaurantandmovedtowardthelunchcounter,awell-dressedelderlyman(whoseemedtohaveappearedoutofnowhere)puthishandonmyshoulderandsaid,“Youngman,howwouldyouliketomakealotofmoney?”Thiswas

11、thebeginningofoneofthemostunusualexperiencesIeverhad.Facts and Statistics（事事实和和统计数字数字）列举与论点相关的事实和统计数字，从而引起读者的关心注和兴趣。不过，必须确定所你提出的事实是真实的并与论点相关的。AnewCensusBureaureportpredictsthattherewillbe383millionAmericansintheyear2050.Thats128millionmorethantherearenow,and83millionmorethanthebureauwaspredictingjus

12、tfouryearsago,whenitappearedthattheU.S.populationwouldperkandstabilizeataround300million.Refutation（驳斥驳斥）在引言段中先总结陈述对方的观点或意见，然后再表达自己的观点。以一种灵活的方式确立论点，对于议论文不失为恰当的写作手法。Forcingchildrentodothings,ingeneral,isgoodifthechildisindangerortooyoungtomakemajordecisions.Parentsmayalsoarguethatforcingtheirchildtot

13、akeupcertainhobbies,likethepiano,willgivethechildawell-roundededucationandapossible future career in music.However,there are severalproblems with forcing children to comply:a breakdown incommunicationbetweenthechildrenandtheparents,rebellion,andfailureinschool(Leonhard,1999,p.101).（2）Main Body:Forma

14、l Outline PatternThesis Statement:I.First main idea A.First subordinate idea1.First example or illustration2.Second example or illustration a.First supporting detail b.Second Supporting detail B.Second subordinate ideaII.Second main idea（3）Concluding Paragraph结尾段位于短文的末尾，是整篇文章不可缺少的组成部分，是要点总结。它总结归纳文章正

15、文阐述的观点，并重申主题，与引言段首尾呼应。结尾应该警策有力而又耐人寻味。Writing Requirements以不同的简洁的语句重述主题使之得到深化。对主题做最后评论，以引起读者对文章主题的回味和思考。总结文章论证要点，加深读者对整篇文章的理解，并留下更深刻的印象。在结尾段开首时运用表示结论的转承词语以示整篇文章就要结束，同时也使结尾段与正文的连接更为流畅自然。Typical ConclusionsEvaluatingtheSubject（评价主题的重要性）Theseamazing,controversialphotographsofthecometwillcontinuetobethes

16、ubjectofdebatebecause,accordingtosomescientists,theyyieldthemostimportantcluesyetrevealedabouttheoriginsofouruniverse.StatingBroaderImplication（阐述深远的寓意）BecausethesestudiesoffelineleukemiamaysomedayplayacrucialroleinthediscoveryofacureforAIDSinhumanbeings,theexperiments,asexpensiveastheyare,mustcontinue.UsingWitticism（用诙谐的语言深化主题）Noonesaiddietingwaseasy.Butforsomeofuswhohavesurrendered,thecliche“halfaloafisbetterthannone”hastakenonnewmeaning!InferringandForecasting（推论或展望前景）Soapoperaswillcontinueto