完整word版语言学导论复习资料.docx

完整word版语言学导论复习资料.docx

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完整word版语言学导论复习资料

Chapter1Introduction

I.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

1.IfastudydescribesandanalyzestheIanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobeC

A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic

2.WhichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanIanguage?

D

A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Meaningfulness

3.ModernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenIanguageasC.

A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable

4.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because

D.

A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting

B.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue.

D.Alloftheabove

5.AhistoricalstudyofIanguageisa__B__studyofIanguage.

A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative

6.

Saussuretooka（n）AviewofIanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguage

7.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,_Creferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemshared

byallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

A.paroleB.performaneeC.LangueD.language

8.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween

__Bandmeanings.

A.senseB.SoundsC.objectsD.ideas

9.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituations

ofthespeaker.ThisfeatureiscalledA.

D.culturaltransmission

A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibility

10.ThedetailsofanyIanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough__D__,ratherthanbyinstinct.

A.learningB.teachingC.booksD.bothAandB

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.1.

1.DualityisoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanIanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatIanguageconsistsoftwolevels:

alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.

2.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

3.ThedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinIanguagesiscalledsyntax.

4.HumancapacityforIanguagehasagenetic,basis,butthedetailsofIanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.

5.Parole_referstotherealizationofIangueinactualuse.

6.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasapplied_linguistics.

7.Languageisproductive,inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.

III.Definethefollowingterms.

1.Syntax:

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.

2.Appliedlinguistics:

Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestoIanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondIanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.

3.Arbitrariness:

ItisoneofthedesignfeaturesofIanguage.Itmeansthatthere

isnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

4.DisplacementDisplacementmeansthatIanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

5.Duality:

ThedualitynatureofIanguagemeansthatIanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.

6.Designfeatures:

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhuman

Ianguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

IV.Answerthefollowingquestions.

1.Awolfisabletoexpresssubtlegradationsofemotionbydifferentpositionsoftheears,thelips,andthetail.Thereareelevenposturesofthetailthatexpresssuchemotionsasself-confidenee,confidentthreat,lackoftension,uncertainthreat,depression,defensiveness,activesubmission,andcompletesubmission.Thissystemseemstobecomplex.Supposetherewereathousanddifferentemotionsthatthewolfcouldexpressinthisway.WouldyouthensayawolfhadaIanguagesimilartoman's?

Ifnot,Whynot?

答案1.No.Hint:

Wolf'wayofexpressingemotionsdoesnotpresentthe

definingfeaturesofhumanIanguage.Examinethemonebyone.

2.WhydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformofIanguageasprimary,notthewritten?

答案2.Whilespeechisthevocal/spokenformofIanguage,writingisthewrittenformofIanguage.Theybelongtodifferentsystemsthoughtheymayoverlap.

Thatspeechisprimaryoverwritingisageneralprincipleoflinguistic

analysis.First,speechexistedlongbeforewritingsystemscameintobeing.

Second,writtenformsjustrepresentinthiswayorthatthespeechsounds.

Third,geneticallychildrenlearntospeakbeforelearningtowrite.

However,emphasizingtheprimacyofspeechisbynomeanstodeny

theimportaneeofwriting,whichgivesIanguagenewscopeandusesthat

speechdoesnothave.First,withwriting,messagescanbecarriedthroughspaceandtime.Second,oralmessagearesubjecttodistortion,eitherintentionalorotherwise,causingmisunderstanding,whilewrittenmessagesremainexactlythesamewhetherreadathousandyearslaterortenthousandmilesaway.

Everythingconsidered,speechisbelievedtomorerepresentativeofhumanIanguagethanwriting.Mostmodernlinguisticanalysisisthusfocusedonspeech,differentfromtraditionalgrammarofthe19thcenturyandtherebefore.

3.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

答案3.First,linguisticsisdescriptive,whiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.

LinguisticsdescribesIanguagesastheyareanddoesnotlaydownrulesofcorrectness;traditionalgrammaremphasizessuchmattersascorrectnessandaimstoprescribewhatisright.

Second,linguisticsregardsthespokenIanguageasprimary,notthewritten.

Third,traditionalgrammarisbasedonLatinandittriestoimposetheLatincategoriesandstructuresonotherIanguages（Latinpatternsandcategories,especiallyitscasesystemandtensedivisionsofpast,presentandfuture）,whilelinguisticsdescribeseachIanguageonitsownmerits.

LinguistsareopposedtothenotionthatanyoneIanguagecanprovideanadequateframeworkfortheothers.Theyaretryingtosetupauniversalframework,butthatwillbebasedonthefeaturessharedbymostoftheIanguagesusedbymankind.

（TraditionalgrammarisusuallybasedonearliergrammarsofLatinandappliedthem,ofteninappropriately,tosomeotherIanguage.Forexample,somegrammariansstatedthatEnglishhadsixcasesbecauseLatinhadsixcases.）

4.Saussure'destinctionbetweenIangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompeteneeandperformanee.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?

答案4.AccordingtoSaussure,languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationofIangueinactualuse.LangueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichIanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnottheIanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringIanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

AccordingtoChomsky,competeneeistheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhisIanguage.ThisinternalizedsetofrulesenablestheIanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.However,performaneeistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker'sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc.Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetenee,whichissystematic,nottheperformanee,whichistoohaphazard.

AlthoughSaussure"dstinctionandChomsky'sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewofIanguageandhisnotionofIangueisamaterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatIanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewsandtohim,competeneeisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

Chapter2TheSoundsofLanguage

1.Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistributionF

2.AphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaningF

3.EnglishisatoneIanguagewhileChineseisnoF

4.Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.T

5.Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationeonveyed.T

6.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.

7.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthet