职称英语考试概括大意和完成句子习题.docx

职称英语考试概括大意和完成句子习题.docx

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职称英语考试概括大意和完成句子习题

2008年职称英语考试概括大意和完成句子习题

IcyMicrobes

1.      InicethathassealedasaltyAntarcticlakeformorethan2,800years,scientistshavefoundfrozenbacteriaandalgaethatreturnedtolifeafterthawing.TheresearchmayhelpinthesearchforlifeonMars,whichisthoughttohavesubsurfacelakesofice.

2.      AresearchteamledbyPeterDoranoftheUniversityofIllinoisatChicagodrilledthroughmorethan39feetoficetocollectsamplesofbacteriaandalgae.WhenDoran’steambroughtthembackandwarmedthemupabit,theysprangbacktolife.

3.      Doransaidthemicrobeshavebeenage-datedat2,800yearsold,butevenoldermicrobesmaylivedeeperintheicesheetsealingthelake,andinthebrinywaterbelowtheice.ThatdeepericeandthewateritselfwillbecautiouslysampledinalaterexpeditionthatwilltesttechniquesthatmayonedaybeusedonMars.

4.      CalledLakeVida,the4.5-square—kilometerbodyisoneofaseriesoflakeslocatedintheMcMurdoDryValleysofAntarctica,some2,200kilometersduesouthofNewZealand.Thislakehasbeenknownsincethe1950s,butpeopleignoreditbecausetheythoughtitwasjustabigblockofice.Whileatthesiteforotherresearchinthe1990s,Doranandhiscolleaguessentradarsignalsintotheclearicecoveringthelakeandweresurprisedtofindthat62feetbelowtherewasapoolofliquidwaterthatwasaboutseventimesmoresaltythanseawater.

5.      Thatpromptedtheresearcherstoreturnin1996withequipmenttodrillaholedowntowithinafewfeetofthewaterlayer.Atthebottomofthishole,researchersharvestedspecimensofalgaeandbacteria.

6.      Theresearcherswillreturnin2004equippedwithinstrumentsthataresterilized.Theywillthendrillthroughthefull62feetoficeandsamplesomeofthebrinywaterfromthelakeforanalysis.Thewaterspecimenwillbeculturedtoseeifitcontainslife.Specimensfromthewaterareexpectedtobeevenolderthanthelifeformsextractedfromtheicecovering.

练习：

1.Paragraph2_____

2.Paragraph3_____

3.Paragraph4_____

4.Paragraph6_____

A.SignificanceofTestingTechniquesforSamplingMicrobesintheDeepIceSheet

B.SpecialFeaturesofLakeVida

C.LaterExpeditiononMars

D.2004RevisitPlannedforCollectingLakeWaterSpecimens

E.AntarcticFrozenLifeSampledandRevived

F.AccidentalDiscoveryofIce-sealedLakeWaterinAntarctica

5.ScientistsignoredLakeVidabecausetheythoughtthatalakeofice_____.

6.Scientistsexpectthatthelife,iffoundindeeperwaterbelowtheicesheet,_____.

7.Whatthescientistswilldoin2004_____.

8.ThesaltconcentrationintheliquidwaterofLakeVida_____.

A.isfoundtobeagreatdealhigherthanthatofseawater

B.wasoflittlescientificvalue

C.maybeolderthanthatcollectedbelow39feetofice

D.mighthavecomefromMars

E.istocollectsomebrinylakewaterforanalysis

F.mayreturntolifesoonerthanmicrobesfrozeninthesurfaceice

AStrongGreenhouseGas

1.      Methaneisacolorless,odorlessgas;itisalsoapotentgreenhousegas,andoncereleasedintotheatmosphere,itabsorbsheatradiatingfromEarth’ssurface.That’swhymethaneisamajorcontributortotheplanet’sincreasingtemperaturerise—orglobalwarming.Moleculeformolecule,methane’sheat-trappingpowerintheatmosphereis21timesstrongerthancarbondioxide,themostabundantgreenhousegas.

2.      With13billioncowsbelchingalmostconstantlyaroundtheworld（100millionintheU.S.alone）,it’snosurprisethatmethanereleasedbylivestockisoneofthechiefglobalsourcesofthegas.Otherprimemethanesources:

petroleum,drilling,coalmining,solid-wastelandfillsandwetlands.

3.      GreenhousegaseslikemethaneandcarbondioxidemakeuponlyasmallpartofEarth’satmosphere,whichis78percentnitrogenandnearly21percentoxygen.Andwithoutgreenhousegasestotrapthesun’sheatandwarmtheplanet,lifewasweknowitcouldn’texist.Butinthelast200years,humanactivitythatrequiresburningoil,naturalgas,andcoalforenergyhasmagnifiedthegreenhouseeffect.

4.      Atmosphericconcentrationsofmethanehavemorethandoubledinthelasttwocenturies.Blameforthisoftenfocusesonbigindustriesandgas-guzzlingvehicles.Butagricultureplaysamajorrole,too.Inthepast40yearsalone,theglobalcattlepopulationhasdoubled.

5.      Cowsmunchmostlygrassesandhay—yettheygrowbigandhefty.Why?

Becauseoftherumen.Therumenholds160litersoffoodandbillionsofmicrobes.Thesemicroscopicbacteriaandprotozoabreakdowncelluloseandfiberintodigestiblenutrients.Acowcouldn’tlivewithoutitsmicrobes.Asthemicrobesdigestcellulose,theyreleasemethane.Theprocessoccursinallanimalswitharumen（cows,sheep,andgoats,forexample）,anditmakesthemverygassy.It’spartoftheirnormaldigestionprocess.Whentheychewtheircud,theyregurgitatesomefoodtorechewit,andallthisgascomesout.theaveragecowexpels600litersofmethaneaday.

6.      That’swhywesaylivestockgasisalsoamajorfactorofcausingtheglobalwarming. 

练习：

1.Paragraph1_____

2.Paragraph2_____

3.Paragraph4_____

4.Paragraph5_____

A.LifeofMicroscopicBacteriainLivestock’sRumen

B.WaystoReduceMethane’sHeat-trappingPower

C.AgricultureAlsoContributestoIncreasedConcentrationsofMethaneintheAtmosphere

D.WhyLivestockReleasesMethane

E.MethaneasaStrongGreenhouseGas

F.LivestockasaPrimeFactoroftheGreenhouseEffect

5.Methaneis___________totheintensifyinggreenhouseeffect.

6.Greenhousegasesareindispensabletomankind,buttheproblemmankindisfacedwithis___________.

7.Generallypeopleheapcriticismon__________fortheplanet’stemperaturerise.

8.Nothinghasbeenmentionedinthepassageabout__________.

Aoneofthemajorcontributors

Btheever-increasingatmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegases

Cbigandheftycows

Dlivestock’snormaldigestionprocess

Ehowtocutdownthecattlepopulations

Fbigindustriesandgas-guzzlingvehicles

SmokeGetsinYourMind

1.      Lungcancer,hypertension,heartdisease,birthdefects—wearealltoofamiliarwiththedangersofsmoking.Butaddtothatlistafrighteningnewconcern.Mentalillness.Accordingtosomecontroversialnewfindings,ifsmokingdoesnotkillyou,itmay,quitelitter,driveyoutodespair.

2.      Thetobaccoindustryopenlypushesitsproductassomethingtoliftyourmoodandsootheanxiety.Buttheshort-termfeel-goodeffectmaymaskthetruth:

thatsmokingmayworsenoreventriggeranxietydisorders,panicattacksanddepression,perhapsevenschizophrenia.

3.      Cigarettesandmentalillnesshavealwaystendedtogotogether.Anestimated1.25billionpeoplesmokeworldwide.Yetpeoplewhoaredepressedoranxiousaretwiceaslikelytosmoke,andupto88percentofthosewithpsychoticdisorderssuchasschizophreniasmokers.ArecentAmericansurveyconcludedthataroundhalfofallcigarettesburninthefingersofthosewithmentalillness.

4.      Butthebigquestioniswhy?

Theusualstoryisthattheillnesscomesfirst.Mentallyillpeopletakeupsmoking,orsmokemoretoalleviatesomeoftheirdistress.Evenwhensmokingseemstostartbeforetheillness,mostdoctorsbelievethatearlybutinvisiblesymptomsofthedisordersparkthedesiretolightup.Butperhapssomethingmoresinisterisgoingon.

5.      Agrowingnumberofresearchersclaimthatsmokingisthecause,nottheconsequenceofclinicaldepressionandseveralformsofanxiety.“Weknowalotabouttheeffectsofsmokingonphysicalhealth,andnowwearealsostartingtoseetheadverseeffectsinnewresearchonmentalillness,”saysNaomiBreslau,directorofresearchattheHenryFordHealthCareSysteminDetroit.

6.      Breslauwasoneofthefirsttoconsiderthishereticalpossibility.Thehintcamefromstudies,publishedin1998,whichfollowedagroupofjustover1,000youngadultsforafive-yearperiod.The13percentwhobeganthestudywithmajordepressionwerearoundthreetimesmorelikelytoprogressfrombeinglightsmokerstodailysmokersduringthecourseofthestudy,thoughtherewasnoevidencethatdepressionincreasedthetendencytotakeupsmoking.Butahistoryofdailysmokingbeforethestudycommencedroughlydoubledtheriskofdevelopingmajordepressionduringthefive-yearperiodSmoking,itseems,couldpre-dateillness.

7.      AtfirstBreslauconcludedthatwhateverpromptspeopletosmokemightalsomakethemdepressed.Butastheresultsofothermuchlargerstudiesbegantobackthestatisticallink,shebecamemoreconvincedthaneverthatwhatshewasseeingweresignsthatsmoking,perhapsthenicotineitself,couldsomehowaffectthebrainandcausedepression.

8.      OneoftheselargerstudieswasledbyGoodman,apediatrician.Shefollowedthehealthoftwogroupsofteenagersforayear.thefirstgroupof8,704adolescentswerenotdepressed,andmightormightnothavebeensmokers,whilethesecondgroupof6,947werehighlydepressedandhadnotbeensmokersinthepastmonth.Afterayearherteamfoundthatalthoughdepressedteenagersweremorelikelytohavebecomeheavysmokers,previousexperimentationwithsmokingwasthestrongestpredictorofsuchbehaviour,notthedepressionitself.Whatismoreimportantisthatteenagerswhostartedoutmentallyfitbutsmokedatleastonepacketperweekduringthestudywerefourtimesmorelikelytodevelopdepressionthantheirnon-smokingpeers.Goodmansaysthatdepressiondoesnotseemtostartbeforecigarette