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考研英语一真题附答案
2021年考研英语〔一〕试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Researchonanimalintelligeneealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.
1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer'spieceintheScienceTimes
onTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnIonger,thatthereisan4innotbeingtooterrificallybright.
Intelligenee,it5out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning-agradual7-insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneof
thethingsthey'veapparentlylearnediswhento8
Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligenee?
That'tbequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglanee10atallthespecieswe'vdeftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligeneemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalI'veevermet.
Researchonanimalintelligeneealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechanee.Everycatwithanowner,14,is
runningasmall-scalestudyinoperanteonditioning.webelievethat15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatienee,ourfaithfulness,our
memoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligeneeinhumansisreally17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18,theywouldhopetostudya19
question:
Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?
20theresultsareinconelusive.
17.[A]at
[B]for
[C]after
[D]with
18.[A]Aboveall
[B]Afterall
[C]However
[D]Otherwise
19.[A]fundamental
[B]comprehensive[C]equivalent
[D]
hostile
20.[A]Byaccident
[B]Intime
[C]Sofar
[D]Betterstill
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notch
buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,〞WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.In
theever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit〞carriesanegativeconnotation.
Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.
Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they'itberetostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.
“Thfirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,〞saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind〞andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decidejustasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.'〞Sheadds,however,that“todecideist
allpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.〞
Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe'reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:
analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.
Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystettiatanyonecandoanything,〞explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book“ThisYearIWill...
Ms.Markova'sbusinesspartner.“That'saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosters
commonness.Knowingwhatyou'regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellenee.〞Thisiswheredevelopinghnabtscomesin.
21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing
A.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable.
22.Theresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe
A.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided
23.〞ruts〞(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningto
A.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connections
24.Ms.Markova'scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtestingA,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed
B,nolongeremphasizescommonness
C,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel
D,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem
25.Ryanmostprobablyagreethat
A.ideasarebornofarelaxingmind
B.innovativenesscouldbetaught
C.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas
D.curiosityactivatescreativeminds
Text2
Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternalshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore-andanother$120togettheresults.
Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.
Amongthemostpopular:
paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily'gseographicroots.
Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.
Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancetsrytesting,〞saysTreyDuster,aNew
YorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather'slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.
Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdonrelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.
26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK's.
[A]easyavailability
[B]flexibilityinpricing
[C]successfulpromotion
[D]popularitywithhouseholds
27.PTKisusedto.
[A]locateone'sbirthplace[B]promotegeneticresearch
[C]identifyparent-childkinship[D]choosechildrenforadoption
28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto.
[A]tracedistantancestors[B]rebuildreliable
bloodlines
[C]fullyusegeneticinformation[D]achievetheclaimed
accuracy
29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis.
[A]disorganizeddatacollection
[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding
30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe.
[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNAtesting[B]DNAtestingandIt'sproblems
[C]DNAtestingoutsidethelab[D]liesbehindDNAtesting
Text3
Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisit,becauseneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.
Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak.TheU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHondaNissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterepantsaresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.Morerecently,whileexaminghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMe