科技英语摘要Writing-Abstract&summary.ppt

科技英语摘要Writing-Abstract&summary.ppt

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Lecture021.AbstractWriting2.SummaryWriting1.AbstractwritingContentsDefinitionoftheabstractTypesoftheabstractEconomyofwordsHowtowritetheabstract:

TheFormalizedStructureoftheabstract“5steps”ofwritingtheabstract“5-A”StrategyofwritingtheabstractAbstractIhavethestrongimpressionthatscientificcommunicationisbeingseriouslyhinderedbypoorqualityabstractswritteninjargon-riddenmumbo-jumbo.SheilaM.McNab（mumbo-jumbouncountableinformaltechnicallanguagethatisdifficulttounderstandandseemstohavenosense）*abunchoflegalmumbo-jumboAbstractAdescriptivesummaryabstractisatableofcontentsinparagraphform;itisageneralmapforreaders.MichaelAlley1.Definitionoftheabstract

（1）AnAbstractshouldbeviewedasaminiversionofthepaper.Theabstractshouldprovideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper:

Introduction,Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,ResultsandDiscussionMaterialsandMethods,ResultsandDiscussion.Generallyspeaking,theabstractshouldnotexceed250words（100-200words）andshouldbedesignedtodefineclearlywhatisdealtwithinthepaper.1.Definitionoftheabstract

（2）Theabstractshould:

（1）statetheprincipalobjectivesprincipalobjectivesandscopescopeoftheinvestigation,

（2）describethemethodologymethodologyemployed,（3）summarizetheresultsresults,and（4）statetheprincipalconclusionconclusion.1.Definitionoftheabstract（3）MostoftheAbstractsshouldbewritteninthepasttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.Theabstractshouldnevergiveanyinformationorconclusionthatisnotstatedinthepaper.ReferencestotheliteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract.2.Typesofabstracts

（1）InformativeabstractInformativeabstract（moredetailed,andmayincludequantitativedetails）信息性/报道性/资料性摘要Indicative/descriptiveabstractIndicative/descriptiveabstract（briefandqualitative,indicatingwhatkindofresearchhasbeendone）指示性/说明性/描述性摘要Informative-indicativeabstractInformative-indicativeabstract报道-指示性摘要2.Typesofabstracts

（2）AneffectivediscussionofthevarioususesandtypesofabstractswasprovidedbyMcGirr（1973）,whoseconclusionsarewellworthrepeating:

“Whenwritingtheabstract,rememberthatitwillbepublishedbyitself,andshouldbeself-contained.Thatis,itshouldcontainnobibliographic,figure,ortablereferences.”2.Typesofabstracts（3）Thelanguageshouldbefamiliartothepotentialreader.Omitobscureabbreviationsandacronyms.Writethepaperbeforeyouwritetheabstract,ifatallpossible.UnlessalongtermisusedseveraltimeswithinanAbstract,donotabbreviatetheterm.Waitandintroducetheappropriateabbreviationatfirstuseinthetext（probablyintheIntroduction）.2.1Informativeabstract2.1Informativeabstract信息性/报道性/资料性摘要Aninformativeabstractisdesignedtocondensethepaper.Itcanandshouldbrieflystatetheproblem,themethodusedtostudytheproblem,andtheprincipaldataandconclusions.Often,theabstractsupplantstheneedforreadingthefullpaper;withoutsuchabstracts,scientistswouldnotbeabletokeepupinactiveareasofresearch.Thisisthetypeofabstractthatisusedasa“heading”inmostjournalstoday.2.2Indicativeabstract

（1）2.2Indicativeabstract

（1）指示性/说明性/描述性摘要Anothercommontypeofabstractistheindicativeabstract（sometimescalledadescriptiveabstract）.Thistypeofabstractisdesignedtoindicatethesubjectsdealtwithinapaper,makingiteasyforpotentialreaderstodecidewhethertoreadthepaper.However,becauseofitsdescriptiveratherthansubstantivenature,itcanseldomserveasasubstituteforthefullpaper.2.2Indicativeabstract

（2）2.2Indicativeabstract

（2）指示性/说明性/描述性摘要Thus,indicativeabstractsshouldnotbeusedas“heading”abstractsinresearchpapers,buttheymaybeusedinothertypesofpublications（reviewpapers,conferencereports,thegovernmentreportliterature,etc.）;suchindicativeabstractsareoftenofgreatvaluetoreferencelibrarians.2.3Informative-indicativeabstract2.3Informative-indicativeabstract报道-指示性摘要Aninformative-indicativeabstractisacombinedformthatbearsaspecificinformationabouttheprincipalfindingsandresultsprincipalfindingsandresultsandgeneralinformationabouttherestofthedocumenttherestofthedocument.Thistypeofabstractoffersfewerdetailsfewerdetails,instead,givingemphasistotheauthorschiefcontributiontheauthorschiefcontribution.2.4Structuredabstract2.4Structuredabstract（结构式摘要）

（1）目的目的目的目的（Objective）:

研究的问题、目的或设想等;

（2）设计设计设计设计（Design）:

研究的基本设计,样本的选择;（3）单位单位单位单位（Setting）:

开展研究的单位;（4）对象对象对象对象（Patients,Participants）:

研究对象的信息;（5）处置处置处置处置（Interventions）:

处置方法;（6）主要结果测定主要结果测定主要结果测定主要结果测定（MainOutcomeMeasures）:

实验过程;（7）结果结果结果结果（Results）:

研究的主要发现;（8）结论结论结论结论（Conclusions）:

主要结论及其潜在应用TypesofstructuredabstractTypesofstructuredabstractNewEnglandJournalofMedicine4Parts:

Background,Methods,Results,ConclusionsBackground,Methods,Results,ConclusionsTheLancet（TheLancetistheworldsleadinggeneralmedicaljournalandspecialtyjournalsinOncology（肿瘤学）,NeurologyandInfectiousDiseases.）4Parts:

Background,Methods,Findings,InterpretationBackground,Methods,Findings,InterpretationJAMA（JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation）9Parts:

Context,Context,Objective,Objective,Design,Design,Setting,Setting,Patients,P