完整版词汇学Unit67答案.docx

完整版词汇学Unit67答案.docx

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完整版词汇学Unit67答案

Unit6SemanticNetworksofEnglishWords

CheckYourUnderstanding

StatewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEorFALSE.

a.Wordsfromdifferentclassescanformasemanticfield.

b.Mostlexicalitemsformsemanticfieldwithotherlexemeswithcertainsemanticrelation.

c.Themeaningofahyponymisincludedinthemeaningofitssuperordinate.

d.Thereisalwaysasuperordinatetermforitshyponyms.

e.LexicalgapsacrossEnglishandChineseexistinallsemanticfields.Key:

FTFFT

In-ClassActivities

1.Somesemanticfieldsarequitesmall.Forexample,eachpairofantonyms,suchaslongandshortformsalexicalfieldoftwomembers.Themeaningsofthetwoantonymshaveincommonthatbothrelatetoanendsectionofthesamescale,andthegroupiscompietesincetherearenootheradjectivesthatsharethispartofthemeaning.

ASK:

（1）Canyoufindmoresemanticfieldsofthissmalltype?

（2）Dopolysemouswordoldanditsantonymsnewandyoungbelongtothesamesemanticfield?

Key:

（1）aliveanddead,maleandfemale,bigandsmall

（2）No.old&newandold&youngbelongtodifferentsemanticfields.

2.Inpublicnotices,weoftenfindtheuseofgeneralwordsforpersons,objects,places,etc.Lookatthefollowingthreepictures.

ASK:

（1）Whatarethegeneralwordsusedinthesepictures?

Canyouprovidesomehyponymsforeach

ofthem?

DoesanyofthegeneralwordshaveacertainhyponymthatfindsnoequivalentinChinese?

（2）Doyouthinkitisreasonabletousesuperordinatetermsontheseoccasions?

Key:

（1）vehicle,pets,food,drinks,shirt,shoes,customer

（2）Omit

4.Oftenaconceptlexicalizedinonelanguagemaynothaveacorrespondinglexicaliteminanotherlanguageandthuspresentsatranslationdifficulty.

ASK:

（1）Whatmethodscanyouemploytotranslatethemissingword,iftheconceptisimportantormustbecitedoften?

（2）IsitaneasyjobtotranslatetheChinesesentence他铅笔盒里有五支笔“”intoEnglish?

Whyorwhynot?

Namesomeofthehyponymsof笔”inb“othChineseandEnglish.

Key:

1）acompoundword,adescriptivephrase,borrowingfromonelanguage,etc.

2）No.BecausethereisnoEnglishequivalenceforChineseword笔.

铅笔pencil钢笔pen/fountainpan圆珠笔ball-pointpen毛笔writingbrush画笔paintingbrush鸭嘴笔drawingpen/rulingpen蜡笔（wax）crayon粉笔chalk

5.Atermwhichisahyponymofitselfisanautohyponyminthatthesamelexicalitemcanoperateatbothsuperordinateandsubordinatelevels;forexample,“man”contrastswith“animal”atonelevel,butatalowerlevelitcontrastswith“woman”（ineffect,

ofman”）.

ASK:

（1）Canyoufindotherautohyponyms?

（2）Canyouaccountfortheexistenceofautohyponymsinanypossibleway?

Key:

Omit

6.

weacyif

Hyponymyandmeronymyareoftenfoundinlanguageuse.Itisquitecommonforageneraltermandaspecificterm,orapartwordandawholewordtosubstituteforeachotherinbothspeakingandwriting.Theformerrhetoricaldeviceiscalledmetonymyandthelatteronesynecdoche.Forexample,inthesentence“Anappleadaykeepsthedo,cthtoersapweacyific

Howmanymouthsdoeperson”.Readthefo

term“apple”referstothegeneralterm“fruit”;inthesentence

tofeed”,thepartword“mouth”isusedtoreplacethewholeword

sentences.

（1）Canyoupointoutthewordssubstitutedbythebold-facedwords?

（2）Canyousupplymoreexamplesofyourown?

Key:

（1）1.food2.car3.automobiles4.knife

（2）Omit

Post-ClassTask

1.Howismeronymydifferentfromhyponymy?

Useexamplestoillustratetheirdifferences.

Key:

Meronymyisdifferentfromhyponymyinthattheformerisa“partof”or“memberof”relationwhilethelattera“kindof”relation.leFaofriesxampaprlet,oafatree;anoakisa

kindoftree.

Hyponymyisatransitiverelation,i.e,ifx^yand厂zthenx^z.Forexample,sincedog”isahyponymofmammal”and“mammalsahyponymof“animal"“dogsahyponymofanimal”Meronymyisnotnecessarilyatransitiverelation.Forexample,although

2.

Readthefollowingtreediagramontherelationshipofhyponymyamonglexicalitemsinthesemanticfieldoffruitandillustratethelexicalgapexistinginthefield.

3.

Key:

Thetermberryactsasthegeneraltermformorespecificfruitsblackberryandraspberry,butthereseemstobenotermforthecategoryincludingsuchfruitasappleandpear.

Meronymyisclassifiedintothefollowingseventypes.Findmoreexamplesforeachtype.

1.component—object

（branch

—tree,）

2.member

—collection

（fish—

shoal）

3.portion

—mass

（strand

—hair）

4.stuff—

object

（gold—

ring）

5.feature

—activity

（paying

—shopping）

6.place—

area

（Cambridge—Massachusetts）

7.phase—

process

（adolescenee—growingup）

Key:

Omit

吃苦吃不开

吃香”（beverypopular）,吃不消"（morethanonecanhard,betired），吃苦（haveatoughtime）吃不开（be

5.

TheChineseword吃”canbeusedflexiblytoformvariousexpressions.TranslatethefollowingChineseslangsintoEnglish.

吃闲饭吃香吃不消吃力

Key:

吃闲饭”（leadanidlelife）,

stand,toomuch）吃力（wordunpopular）

6.Thefollowingpassageisanintroductionto“pop"PLeasedrawalexicalnetworkof“pop”constructedbywordswithsemanticrelationsofhyponymy,meronymy,etc.

Pop

“pop”disappearsfromtheEnglishvocabulary,theinflueneeofpcremain.PophasbecomepartofBritish-andAmerican-history.

Therehasalwaysbeenacloseculturallink,ortie,betweenBritainandEnglish-speakingAmerica,notonlyinliteraturebutalsointhepopulararts,especiallymusic.BeforetheSecondWorldWartheAmericansexportedjazzandtheblues.Duringthe1950stheyexportedrock'n’roll.

Thenintheearly1960sanewsoundwasheard,verydifferentfromanything,whichhassofarcomefromtheAmericansideoftheAtlantic.ThiswastheLiverpool,orMerseyside,

“beat"SituatedontheRiverMerseyinthenortheasterncorneroftheindustrialBlackCountry,Liverpoolwasnotaplacewhichanyonevisitedforfun.Untilthe1960sitwasknownonlyasoneoftheBritainslargestports.Then,almostovernight,itbecameworldfamousasthebirthplaceofthenewpopculturewhich,inafewyears,sweptacrossBritainandAmerica,andacrossmostofthecountriesofthewesternworld.

ThepeopleresponsibleforthepoprevolutionwerefourLiverpoolboyswhojoinedtogetherinagroupandcalledthemselvesTheBeatles.Theyplayedinsmallclubsinthebackstreetsofthecity.Unlikethefamoussolostarswhohadtheirsongswrittenforthem,theBeatleswrotetheirownwordsandmusic.TheBeatleswontheaffectionandadmirationofpeopleofallagesandsocialbackgrounds.Astheydeveloped,theirsongsbecamemoreserious.Theywrotenotonlyoflove,butofdeathandoldageandpovertyanddailylife.Theywererespectedbymanyintellectualsandbysomeseriousmusicians.LargelythankstotheBeatles,popmusichasgrownintoanimmenseandprofitableindustry.

TheinflueneeofBritishpopinAmericawasimmense.AmericanpopgroupssoonbecameasfamousasBritishgroups.BothBritishandAmericansareexperimentingwithnewideas,andpopisdevelopingandchanging,andmergingwithmodernfolkmusic.

Key:

Unit7TheSemanticRelationsamongEnglishWords

CheckYourUnderstanding

StatewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEorFALSE.

a.Thewordclassesofgradableantonymsareadjective,nounandverb.

b.Chatandgossipformapairofsynonymsintermsofconnotation.

c.Homonymouswordsalwayscomefromdifferentetymologicalroots.

d.Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoitemsaresaidtoberelationalopposites.

e.Thecohesiveeffectofatextisalwaysachievedbytheco-occurrenceofwordswithmeaningrelationsofsynonymyandantonymy.

Key:

TTFTF

In-ClassActivities

1.Antonymsarecommonlyfoundtoco-occurinnaturallanguages,amongwhichare（both）XandY,XaswellasY,XandYalike,（either）XorY,neitherXnorY,fromXtoY,andnowX,nowY.Readthefollowingsentences.

a.

b.

Theywerefreewiththefellows,youngandold,abouttheplace,andexchangedbanterinrudephrases,whichatfirstshockedher.（TheodoreDreiser:

SisterCarrie）ThatwasonereasonshedidnotlookforwardtoCathy'svisit,shortorlong.

c.

TheDanderlease'nergieswereclaimedbybuyingandsellingliquor,whileMrsFortescuewentoutalot.（DorisLessing:

MrsFortescue）

ASK:

（1）Whatdoeseachitalicizedpartintheabovesentencesmeanrespectively?

（2）Canyoufindsomeidiomsformedbytheco-occurrenceofantonyms?

”,rathert

Key:

（1）Inthefirstsentence,youngandoldisusedactuallytomean,andsemanticallycouldwellbereplacedby,“（fellows）regardlessofage”or“（fellows）ofallages

or“visitofanylengthbuinyitnimgeandsellingin”th;e“trading”.

“thosewhoareyoungandthosewhoareold”;shortorlonginthesecondsentencehastheemphasisof“anyvisit”

thirdsimplymeanstheactionof

（2）Omit

2.

Agoodbegin“ningmakesagoodending”and.Nowlookatthefollowingincompletesayings.

Antonymyiswidelyusedinwisesayings,asin“Allthingsaredifficultbeforetheyareeasy”

a.Adversityleadsto.

b.Agoodhusbandmakesagood.

c.Ayoungidler,anbeggar.

d.Beswifttohear,tospeak.

e.Easycome,easy.

f.Everyadvantagehasits.

g.Knowledgemakeshumble,ignorancemakes

h.Pridegoesbefore,andshamecomes

i.Thewisemanknowsheknowsnothing,thefoolthinksheknows

j.Theworldisaladderforsometogoupandotherstogo

ASK:

（1）Canyoucompleteeachoftheabovesayingswithawordwhichhasanant