英语语法2.docx

英语语法2.docx

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英语语法2

ChapterSixTheArticles

一冠词的语法意义

冠词是一种虚词，不能单独使用作句子成分，只能附加在名词、名词词组或名词化的形容词之前起限定作用，帮助说明其含义、所指的人或事物是泛指还是特指。

二冠词的分类：

冠词只有两类共三个：

不定冠词a（an）和定冠词the。

定冠词—thedefinitearticle

不定冠词—theindefinitearticle

1不定冠词

①a用在以辅音音素开头的词前；an用在以元音音素开头的词前

②源于数词one，表示“一”之意

③用于泛指同类人或事物中的任何一个，与别类人或事物相区别，

仅与可数的单词名词连用

ahen；aunit；anapple；anhour；

2定冠词

①用在以辅音音素开头的词前读-；用在以元音音素开头的词前读-

②源于指示代词that，表示“那”之意

③用来特指某个或某些人或事物，与同类中的其他人或事物相区别,

可与一切名词连用

thesun;theearth;inthemorning;intheevening;

三冠词的用法

1不定冠词的用法

1）表示数量“一”之意,但意义不如one强.

Ihaveapencil.

Shewillreturninadayortwo.

2）笼统地指某人或事物，但不具体说明.

Aboyiswaitingforyou.

I’msureitwasonaFriday.

3）表示类别，即以个体表示一类，用来区别于其他类，相当于“any”.

Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.

Thisisasheep,notagoat.

Anelephantisstrongerthanahorse.

Hisfatherisadoctor.

4）与表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词连用，表示“每一”之意.

Theyworkeighthoursaday.

Wehavethreemealsaday.

Thecarcango80kilometresanhour.

Howmuchisthismeatapound?

Thepriceofthevegetableistwoyuanakilo.

5）起介绍作用，表示首次提到某人或某事物，但不具体说明.

“Whatishe?

”“Heisateacher.”

Thereisahouseinthepictureandthere’sadoginfrontofthehouse.

ShehasjustcomebackfromaChangchunhospital.

6）用在不可数的抽象名词或物质名词前，作具体介绍，有“一种”之含义.

Readingisajoytome.

KongFansenhadadeeploveforthecountryandpeople.

7）与dozen/hundred/thousand/million等连用，表示“一打/百/千/百万”之意.

adozenexercisebooks;ahundredteachers;

athousandstudents;

8）用于“such/quite/many/rather+a/an”

和“so+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词”结构中

Hehashadsuchabusyday.

OnSundaystherearequitealotofpeopleinthestreets.

Sheisratheracollagestudent.

Wehavenothadsowonderfuladayasthisforalongtime.

9）用于what引导的感叹句.

Whatabigfamily！

Whatafineday！

Whatadifficultquestionitis!

10）表示thesame，“即”一样“之意.

Thetwopairsofsocksaremuchofasize.

Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.

11）与有姓的专有名词连用.

AMr.Smithcalledtoseeyouthismorning,sir.

12）用于某些固定词组中

afew;catchacold;goforawalk;havearest;

onceuponatime;aliorso;asarule;

2定冠词的用法

1）与特指某（些）人或事物的名词连用，特别是定语从句或短语所修饰的名词,以区别同类中的其他人或事物.

Scienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietyinwhichwelive.

ThisisthebookthatIpromisedtolendyou.

thecoverofthebook;theroadofsocialism;

2）与表示上文已提过的人或事物的名词连用，表示特指.

Anoldcockissittinginatalltree.Afoxcomestothetreeandlooksupatthecock.

Ihaveapenandaball-pen.Thepenisblack,andtheball-penisgreen.

3）与表示谈话双方共知的人或事物的名词连用，表示特指.

Wouldyoumindmyclosingthewindow?

Comeuptotheblackboard,please.

Howdoyoulikethefilm?

Let’sreadthetexttogether.

4）用在表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词之前.

theearth;thesun;themoon;thesky;theworld;

5）用在表示方向的名词之前.

intheeast/west/south/north;onthewest;tothenorth;

注：

formeasttowest之类结构中不用定冠词

6）与序数词连用

thefirst/second/third/forth…time/world/floor/lesson

Heisalwaysthelastonetocomeandthefirstonetoleave.

Thisexcitingstoryisonthetwelfthpage.

7）用在形容词和副词的最高级前,副词最高级前的定冠词可以省略。

Autumnisthebusiestseasoninayear.

Heisthetallestofusthree.

Whodoesthehomework（the）mostcarefullyinyourclass?

Whostudies（the）hardestinyourclass?

8）与某些形容词或形容词化了的过去分词连用，一起构成名词，表示一类人或事物.

therichandthepoor;theoldandtheyoung;

theaged,theweak,thesickanddisabled;

thewounded;thedeaf;theexploitedandoppressed;

9）用在由普通名词构成的表示民族、国家、组织、阶级、党派、集体的名词前，表示一个整体。

theworkingclass;thelabouringpeople;theLabourParty;

theAcademyofSciencesofChina;

thePeople’sRepublicofChina;

TheChinesearewellknownfortheirdiligence.

10）用在表示江河、山脉、海洋、海峡、群岛名词的专有名词之前.

theHimalayas;theBaltic;theEnglishChannel;theNile;

theBritishlsles;

11）与表示旅馆、建筑物或商店等名称的专有名词连用。

theGreatWall;theGreatHallofthePeople;

12）与表示某些报刊杂志名称的专有名词连用.

thePeople’sDaily;theNewYorkTimes;theTimes;

theInspectator;

13）用在姓的复数专有名词前，表示一家.

theRandolphs;theYangs;

TheEinsteins,however,couldnotaffordtopayfortheeducationthatyoungAlbertneeded.

14）用在表示乐器名称的名词之前.

Hecanplaythepiano.

Tomcannotplaytheviolin.

15）用在带修饰语的表月份和星期几的名词之前.

TheMayof1949isalwaysfreshinmymemory.

MarywillgotoShanghaionbusinessontheFridaywhenherfatherisbackformtheirhometown.

16）用在“the…,the…”结构中.

Thesooner,thebetter./Themore,thebetter.

Theharderyoustudy,themoreknewledgeyouwillget.

Themoreyouworkforother,thehappieryouyourselfwillfeel.

17）在表示发明物的单数名词前加定冠词.

ThecompasswasinventedinChinafourthousandyearsago.

18）用在固定词组中.

inthemorning/afternoon/evening;intheday-time;

inthesun/shade/dark/distance;bytheway;

ontheright/left;thedaybeforeyesterday;

thedayaftertomorrow;ontheone/otherhand

四不用冠词的情况或场合

1大多数专有名词前不用冠词.

BeijingiscapitalofChina.

WouldyoupleasetellmewhereFudanUniversityis?

2在表示泛指的复数名词前不用冠词.

Horsesareusefulanimals.

Booksaremybestfriends.

Ilikeflowers.

Childrenwillbechildren.

3在表示泛指的不可数名词（抽象和物质名词）前不用冠词.

Labourcreatedman.

Coalisblack.

Lifeisgettingbetterandbetter.

Languageisaproductoflabour.

Knowledgeispower.

Welovescience.

Theywilldoitwithpleasure.

Wecannotlivewithoutair.

Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?

Waterisnecessaryforlife.

4在表示三餐的名词前不用冠词.

Weusuallyhavebreakfastatsix,lunchattwelveandsupperatfive.

Theyinvitedtheforeignteacherstodinneryesterday.

5在表示季节、月份、星期几、节假日的名词前不用冠词.

Autumnistheseasonofharvest.

October1isNationalDay.

WehavenoschoolonWednesdayandonSaturday.

Christmas;MayDay;NewYear’sDay;

6用作呼语的名词前不用冠词.

Goodmorning,professor.

Whatareyoudoingthere,boy?

What’swrongwithyou,dad?

7在表示家庭成员间的称呼、专有名词前的称号或头衔和由一人担任的职务的名词前，不用冠词。

I’llaskfatheraboutit.

Auntwillcometoseeusnextweek.

Heisheadoftheforeignlanguagesdepartment.

ComradeLi;ProfessorWang;GeneralHu;

CaptainHale;PresidentNixon;

8在表示球类运动或棋类游戏名称的名词前，不用冠词.

Wegoinforsports.

Wealllikebasketball/football/volleyball/tabletennis.

Computerscanevenbeusedinplayingchess.

9当school/college/hospital/market/prison/sea/work/bed等名词具有引伸之意时，其前面一般不用冠词.

Hegoestoschoolatsixeverymorning.

Sheusuallyreturnsfromworkatfive.

Mary’sstillinhospital.

Twoyearsagohewenttosea.

Thechildwenttobed.

Mumhasgoneto（the）marketforfood.

10当teacher/nurse/cook之类的名词具有ourteacher/nurse/cook之意时，其前面一般不用冠词。

Teacherisverymuchpleasedwiththeworkdone.

Nursewillbehereinaminute.

Cookservestheteachersandstudentswholeheartedly.

11在表示语言和学科的名词前不用冠词.

WeareinClassTwo,SeniorOne.

WestudyChinese,maths,physics,chemistryandEnglish.

12名词前已有作定语的指示代词、物主代词时，不再用冠词.

Thatradioisverygoodinquality.

Thereissomewaterinthecup.

Beijingisourcapital.

Doyouhaveanyquestions?

13在与by连用的交通工具前不加冠词-bycar/bus/train/bike

byboat/ship/sea;byplane/air

14在一些固定词组中不用冠词（注：

在有些词组中，有冠词与没有冠词其含义是不同的。

）

afterschool；athome；atfirst;atnight；bylast；atnoon；

byday；onearth；incaseof;indanger；intime；intown；

dayafterday；handinhand；inhospital/inthehospital;

infrontof/inthefrontof;

outofquestion（没问题）

outofthequestion（根本不可能）

五冠词的重复与省略

1冠词的重复

①两个名词表示两个不同的人或事物，二者前均需加冠词.

Ateacherandastudententeredtogether.

TomhasboughtanEnglishdictionaryandaFrenchdictionary.

②用both…and…所连接的两个名词前均需加冠词.

Boththeboysandthegirlsdidwellintheirexam.

③虽然有些名词常成对出现指同一个人或事物，但要强调每一个对象或想分别给以清晰的概念时，可重复使用冠词.

Iboughtawatchandachain.

Hehasafatherandamother.

Sheisadoctorandanurse.

Thehusbandandthewifewerediscussingtheeducationoftheirson.

2冠词的省略

“冠词的省略”与前文中的“不用冠词的情况和场合”不同。

“省略”是在该用冠词的地方，由于问题或篇幅等原因而省略了有关的冠词。

“不用冠词”是指名词的泛指和一般概念而不需要冠词，否则就改变词义。

①两个名词表示的人或事物作为一个整体，即两个名词指同一个人或事物时，可省略第二个名词前的冠词，即只用一个冠词限定两个名词。

ThehusbandandwifehavegonetoBeijing.

Thereisahorseandcartinfrontofthetree.

Passmetheknifeandfork,please.

Mr.Randolphbecametheteacherandfriendofthestudents.

Sheisadancerandsinger.

Readthesixthandlastparagraphofthetext.

②有时，在两个名词词汇意义不引起误解的情况下，可省略第二个名词前的冠词，但初学者要少用。

Adoctorandnursewerethere.

Amanandwomanweretalkingthere.

③在作表语或同位语且表示头衔或职位的名词前往往省略冠词ComradeWangissecretaryofthePartyCommittee.

Heisheadofthebiologydepartment.

ComradeLi,vice-directorofthestatefarm,wasthere.

④报纸和文章的标题中、电报中常省略冠词

GuangzhouExportCommoditiesFairCloses.

NewMedicalSystemLauded./

BoyBornToday.

Senddoctorurgent.

⑤广告中、公告中、商业信件或文件中多半省略冠词

Fullyfurnishedflattolet.

Secondhandtypewriterwanted./

SchoolAhead;Exit;/

Copyofthebookletisenclosed.

Duplicateofthisletterissenttoouragent.

⑥提纲中、日记中省略冠词

Algeriancrisisledtothedownfallof（the）FrenchgovernmentinMay1958./

GotlongletterfromMother…

Perfectweather.

SpentwholemorningpreparinglectureonElementsofEnglishPhonetics.

⑦做注释或定义时常省略冠词

Dictionary:

bookdealingwiththewordsofalanguage.

六冠词的位置

冠词的位置比较固定，多半置于名词、名词词组或名词化的形容词之前。

但由于名词前的修饰语的搭配要求不同，冠词的位置也呈现一些变化，具体情况如下：

1有下列修饰名词的定语（形容词）时,不定冠词置于what,such,many后，形成“what/such/many+a/an+（形容词）名词”结构.

Whataninterestingstory!

Whatafinebook！

Don’tbesuchafool！

I’venevermetsuchagoodman.

Manyamanhasmadethesame.

2有下列修饰名词的定语（形容词）时,不定冠词置于quite/rather之后，形成“quite/rather+a/an+（形容词）+名词”结构。

Itwilltakequitealongtime.

Therewerequitealotofpeopleattheparty.

Sheisratherafool.

ItwasratherahotdayinAugust.

3有下列修饰名词的定语（形容词）时,不定冠词置于so,as,too,how之后，形成“so/as/too/how+形容词+a/an+名词”结构.

I’veneverseensocleverachild.

Thisisjustasgoodanexampleastheother.

It’stoohotadaytowork.

Idon’tknowhowoldamanheis.

4有all,both作名词定语时,定冠词置于all,both之后，形成“all（both）+the+名词”结构.

Allthestudentsareherenow.

Boththebooksaremine.

5有half作名词定语时,两种冠词均放在half之后.

Wehavetowaitforhalfanhour.

Halfthecupswerebroken.

冠词