《西方经济学》英文 版课件.pptx
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,CHAPTERCHECKLIST,Whenyouhavecompletedyourstudyofthischapter,youwillbeableto1Explaintheeffectsoftaxesongoodsandlaboranddeterminewhopaysthetaxes.,Explainhowarentceilingcreatesahousingshortage,inefficiency,andunfairness.Explainhowtheminimumwagecreatesunemployment,inefficiency,andunfairness.,2,3,TaxIncidence,TaxincidenceThedivisionoftheburdenofataxbetweenthebuyerandtheseller.Ifthepricerisesbythefullamountofthetax,thentheburdenofthetaxfallsentirelyonthebuyer.Ifthepricerisesbyalesseramountthanthetax,thentheburdenofthetaxfallspartlyonthebuyerandpartlyontheseller.Ifthepricedoesntchange,thentheburdenofthetaxfallsentirelyontheseller.,Figure7.1showstheeffectsofataxonCDplayers.1.Withnotax,thepriceofaCDplayeris$100and5,000CDplayersaweekarebought.2.A$10taxonCDplayersshiftsthesupplycurvetoS+tax.,Thepricerisesto$105anincreaseof$5aCDplayer.Thequantitydecreasesto2,000CDplayersaweek.5.Sellersreceive$95adecreaseof$5aCDplayer.,6.Thegovernmentcollectstaxrevenueof$20,000aweekthepurplerectangle.Theburdenofthetaxissplitequallybetweenthebuyerandthesellereachpays$5perCDplayer.,TaxIncidenceandElasticitiesofDemandandSupply,Foragivenelasticityofsupply,thebuyerpaysalargershareofthetaxthemoreinelasticisthedemandforthegood.Foragivenelasticityofdemand,thesellerpaysalargershareofthetaxthemoreinelasticisthesupplyofthegood.,TaxIncidenceandElasticityofDemand,PerfectlyInelasticDemand:
BuyerPaysEntireTaxPerfectlyElasticDemand:
SellerPaysEntireTaxFigures7.2(a)and7.2(b)illustratethesetwoextremecases.,Figure7.2(a)showstaxincidenceinamarketwithperfectlyinelasticdemandthemarketforinsulin.Ataxof20adoseraisesthepriceby20,andthebuyerpaysallthetax.,Figure7.2(b)showstaxincidenceinamarketwithperfectlyelasticdemandthemarketforpinkmarkerpens.,Ataxof10apenlowersthepricereceivedbythesellerby10,andthesellerpaysallthetax.,TaxIncidenceandElasticityofSupplyPerfectlyInelasticSupply:
SellerPaysEntireTaxPerfectlyElasticSupply:
BuyerPaysEntireTaxFigures7.2(c)and7.2(d)illustratethesetwoextremecases.,Figure7.2(c)showstaxincidenceinamarketwithperfectlyinelasticsupplythemarketforspringwater.,Ataxof5abottlelowersthepricereceivedbythesellerby5,andthesellerpaysallthetax.,Figure7.2(d)showstaxincidenceinamarketwithperfectlyelasticsupplythemarketforsand.,Ataxof1apoundincreasesthepriceby1apound,andthebuyerpaysallthetax.,TaxesonIncomeandEmployment,Theprincipleswevejuststudiedapplytoalltypesoftaxes.Theyapplytoincometaxesandemploymenttaxes.TheprinciplesalsoimplythatCongresscannotdecidewhowillpayatax.Marketforcesmakethatdecision.Thenextslidesexaminetaxesonlabor.,Withnotaxes,thewagerateis$6.00anhourand4,000peopleareemployed.1.A20percentsocialsecuritytaxonworkersshiftsthesupplycurvetoS+tax.,Thewageratepaidbyemployersrisesto$6.25anhouranincreaseof25centsanhour.3.Thenumberofpeopleemployeddecreasesto3,000.4Workersreceive$5.00anhouradecreaseof$1anhour.,5.Thegovernmentcollectstaxrevenueshownbythepurplerectangle.Workerspaymostofthetaxbecausethesupplyoflaborismoreinelasticthanthedemandforlabor.,Withnotaxes,thewagerateis$6.00anhourand4,000peopleareemployed.1.Apayrolltaxof$1.25anhourshiftsthedemandcurvetoDtax.2.Thewageratefallsto$5anhouradecreaseof$1.00anhour.,3.Thenumberofworkersemployeddecreasesto3,000.4.Employerstotalcostoflaborrisesto$6.25anhourthe$5.00wagerateplusthe$1.25payrolltax.5.Thegovernmentcollectstaxrevenueshownbythepurplerectangle.,YouvenowseenwhyCongresscantdecidewhopaysataxandhowmarketforcesmakethatdecision.,Wenowexaminetheefficiencyoftaxes.,TaxesandEfficiencyAtaxplacesawedgebetweenthebuyersprice(marginalbenefit)andthesellersprice(marginalcost).Theequilibriumquantityislessthantheefficientquantityandadeadweightlossarises.Theburdenofthetaxexceedsthetaxrevenue.ExcessburdenThedeadweightlossfromataxtheamountbywhichtheburdenofataxexceedsthetaxrevenuereceivedbythegovernment.,7.1TAXES,Figure7.5showstheinefficiencyoftaxes.InFigure7.5(a),themarketisefficientwithmarginalbenefitequaltomarginalcost.,7.1TAXES,Figure7.5(b)showshowtaxescreateinefficiency.A$10taxshiftsthesupplycurvetoS+tax.Marginalbenefitexceedsmarginalcost.Consumersurplusandproducersurplusshrink.Thegovernmentcollectsitstaxrevenue.Adeadweightlossarises.,7.1TAXES,Thelossofconsumersurplusandproducersurplusistheburdenofthetax,whichequalsthetaxrevenueplusthedeadweightloss.T