第五章 运输.docx

第五章 运输.docx

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第五章运输

商学院双语课程

《供应链与物流管理》

Logistics&SupplyChainManagement

授课教案

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授课教师：

姜阵剑

Contents

CHAPTERONETheINTRODUCTIONofLogistics2

ChapertwoPROCUREMENT12

CHAPTERTHREEMARKETING21

CHAPTERFOURlogisticsINFORMATIONmanagement32

chapterfivetransportation44

chaptersixWAREHOUSEMANAGEMENT60

CHAPTERSEVENSTOCKCONTROL69

CHAPTEREIGHTLOGISTICDECISION-MAKING76

CHAPTERNINELogistics/Supply-ChainManagement86

CHAPTERTENMARKETECONOMYSOLUTIONS102

CHAPTERELEVENNETWORKECONOMYSOLUTIONSOFSCM109

CHAPTERTWELVESELECTINGSUPPLYCHAINSOLUTION121

CHAPTERTHIRTEENinternationaltrade131

CHAPTERFOURTEENLogisticsBestPractices138

CHAPTERFIFTEENBestPracticesCompaniesinSCMAction148

ChapterFive

TransportationManagement

BasicRequirements:

掌握物流行业运输的概念，了解运输的种类、特点以及运输的特性。

MajorPoints:

物流行业运输的概念。

DifficultPoints:

运输的特性。

Wemakethedistinctionbetween‘transportation’and‘movements’becausemanyfactorsinthemovementofpeopleorgoodsfromorigintodestinationareadditionaltotheactualmeansofconveyance.Themeansofconveyanceiswhatwecalltransportation,butifweincludealltheotherfactorsnecessaryfortheplanning,monitoringandcontrollingofmovementwearedealingwithsomethingmuchwiderthanjustconveyance.Ifyoubookapackageholidaytoaforeigndestination,oneelementofitwillbethetransportationinvolvedingettingyoufirsttothehomeairport,thenfromtheretotheforeignone,andfinallyfromtheretoyourresort.Allthistransportationneedstoconnectupsothatyouneithermissyourflightnorhavetowaitalongtimeforit.

Whenyougettoyourholidaydestination,youhopetherewillbearoombookedforyouinahoteland,orcourse,youwillneedapassport,perhapsavisaaswell,and,perhapssomespecialvaccinations.Soyoucanseethatwhatwearedealingwithhereisnotjusttransportation,butthewholeprocessofmovingyoufromhometotheholidayhotelandeverythingthatneedstobedoneinorderforthattohappen.Inthesameway,withthemovementofgoodstheremaybeseveralstagestogothrough,involvingtransshipmentbetweendifferentmodesofconveyance,perhapstemporarystorageofthegoodsforawhile,arrangementofcustomsandanyotherspecialclearances,etc.

5.1Definition

Transportationistheexecutiveagencythatactuallycarriesoutthephysicalmovement.The

termmovementsreferstotheplanning,monitoringandcontrollingofthemovementofgoodsandpeoplethroughallthestagesofthejourneybetweenoriginandultimatedestination,includinganyinterchange,documentationprocessing,temporaryaccommodationandtheprocurementofthemeansoftransportation.

Centralisedcontrol

Themovementsorganizationmustbeabletocoordinatetheuseofallthedifferentmeansoftransportationtowhichithasaccessandsomakethemostefficientandeconomicaluseofalltheresourcesavailable.Thiscannormallybedoneonlybymaintainingcentralisedcontrolatthehighestlevelatwhichitcanadequatelybeexercised.Thislevelisthepointatwhichsufficientinformationisavailablefortherightdecisionstobemadepromptlyandatwhichtheresourcesareavailableforseeingthatthedecisionsarecarriedout.

Regulation

Movementmustbeplannedandregulatedtoensurethatanevenflowismaintainedbykeepingtrafficmovingwithoutunnecessarychecksandbynotallowingcongestiontooccuratbottlenecks,transferpointsandterminals.Failuretomaintainanevenflowwillresultinjourneytimesandturn-roundbeingextendedandlessefficientuseofthetransportationresources.Toavoidcongestion,thetrafficdispatchedmustnotexceedthecapacityofthetransportationsystemsmeasuredattheircriticalpointsanditmustbeensuredthattheconsigneecanacceptthetrafficatitsdestination.Thetrafficmustalsobedispatchedinthecorrectorderofpriorityandthiswillbedeterminedbythedesiredtimeofarrival.

Flexibility

Somekindsoftrafficcanbeforecastanddispatchedatregularintervalsandatanevenrate.Othertrafficcannotbeforecastaccuratelyandsotheremustbesufficientflexibilitytoallowittobeacceptedatshortnoticewithoutdisruption.Furthermore,ifarouteortransportationsystemisdisruptedbyweatherorbreakdownitwillbenecessarytoswitchtoanotherrouteormeansoftransportationtoenabletheevenflowtobemaintained.

Maximumutilisation

Maximumutilisationisachievedbythefollowingtechniques.Theyare:

Loadingaunitoftransportationtoitsmaximumpermissiblecapacity;Keepingthereturnjourneytimeassortaspossible;Avoidingcongestionalongtherouteandatterminals;Loadingandunloadingwithoutdelay.Allofthismustbeconsistentwiththerequirementsofsafety,adequatecrewrest,compliancewithspeedandloadregulations,andfuelefficiency.

5.2TypesofTraffic

Thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichmovementscanoccur,distinguishedbythefrequencywithwhichmovementtakesplaceoveranygivenrouteandthedegreetowhichthedemandformovementtotakeplaceispredictable.Wecanidentifyfourbasictypesofmovementforgoods:

regularopen-access,regulardedicated,predictablyvariable,andcasual/spot/on-demand.Eachoftheseisexplainedbelow.

Regularopen-accessmovementofgoods

Regularopen-accessmovementsinfreighttransportationaretheequivalentofscheduledpublictransportationservicesinpassengeroperation.Indeedmanyadvertisedareseaorairservicescarryingbothpassengerandfreighttraffic,andinsomecountriessuchasPakistanthisalsoappliestoscheduledrailservices.Thebenefitsfortheoperatorsofthescheduledserviceareclear.Itconfersonthema‘continuousproduction’systemwhichsecuresagoodutilizationofvehicles/vesselsandtheircrewsandefficientterminaluse,providedtheprinciplesofefficienttimetablingareupheld,suchasbelow:

1）Timingswhicharesufficientlydemandingtorequirebriskoperation

2）Timingswithsufficientmargintobereliablyattainable,givengoodmanagement

3）Rapidturnroundatterminals

4）Evenintervalfrequency

5）Respectforconstraintssuchaslawsgoverninghoursofwork

Regulardedicatedmovementsofgoods

Acommonsolutiontotheproblemofdistinctivecustomerrequirementsistheoperationofadedicatedregularservicewhichisnotopentopublicuse.Manycontractdistributionservicesworkonthisprinciplewithregularscheduledrunsfromdistributiondepotsto（forinstance）supermarkets.Suchservicesnormallyruninscheduledslots,andsooffertheefficientutilisationofresourcesassociatedwithtimetabledoperations,butbecausetheyoffernocommitmenttopublicavailability,theycanbealteredatshortnoticetotakeaccountofspecialrequirements.

Ahighproportionofinter-worksorsupplychainroadhaulage,many‘companytrains’,andmanydedicatedshippingandcargoaircraftmovementsrunonregularschedulesbutto‘Q’timings,i.e.they‘runifrequired’.Thiscombinestheadvantageofaregularschedule（completewiththeavailabilityofpathsorslots）withadegreeofflexibilitywhichpermitstheservicetobecancelledorreroutedifrequired.Atalocalleveltherearemanylorryandvanmovementsoperatingonashuttleservicebetweentwoormoresitesthatofferavariablenumberoftripsper

day.

Predictablyvariablemovementsofgoods

Predictablevariationsmaybeduetomanythingsincluding:

thetimeofyear,seasonalityofsomegoods,fixed-termnatureofsomecontracts,holidayperiods,fashion,politicalreasons,culturalreasons.So,theexamplesgiveussomethoughtsthatwecangetsometrafficpimples.

First,thereisthemovementofspoilfromamajorcivilengineeringsitesuchasaroadinacutting.ThiswillleadtoasteadyflowoftipperLorriesoperatinga‘bucketchain’operationbetweenthesiteandtheplaceswherethespoilistobedumped.Secondisthehaulageofgrainfromfarmstoexportportsatharvesttime,whenthereisashortperiodofintenseseasonaltransportationactivity.Thethirdtypeofintermediatemovementisonewheretheflowofgoodsisfairlyconstant,takingonemonthwithanother,andtheoriginanddestinationsarepredictable,butthetimingofthetripsandperhapstheirfrequencyarevariable.Thiscanbefoundintheroadhaulageofcontainerswhichhavebeenlandedataportforamixtureofimmediatedeliveriesand‘waitorder’movements.

Suchvariationsarecommonlycausedbythewishesofthecustomer,buttheremaybeotherreasons,forexamplethearrivalofashiploadedwithmorecontainersthancanbemovedimmediatelybythefleetofLorriesthatisavailable.Agreatdealofroadhaulage,andmuchbargetraffic,suchasthatontheRhine,isofthispattern.

Casual/spot/on-demandmovementsofgoods

Finallytherearemovementsthatarenotpartofaregularpattern,variouslydescribedascasualortrampmovements,‘spot’traffic,one-offmovementsorspecialtrips,oron-demandmovements.Thisisacompletelyvariableanddynamicsectorofthemarketandiscateredforbyallmodesinsimilarfashion.Theworkmaybedonebyanoperatorbutisoftenundertakenwithsparecapacityorvehicles/crafthiredforthespecificjob.

Casualortramptrafficisoftenthatwhichisnoturgent,butisawaitingmovementtoanameddestination.Atrampshipisonewhichdoesnotrunaregularrouteorservice.Spottrafficisso-calledbecauseitfrequentlyresultsfromchangesinthespotpricesforcommoditiessuchasbauxiteorpetroleum.Sometimessuchproductshaveashort-termchangeofpricewhichcanmeanthatthereisaneedtodeliverthemtoaparticularmarketquickly,beforethepricecollapses.

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