生物医学工程医疗仪器中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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生物医学工程医疗仪器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料翻译
Presentstatusandproblemsofdomesticmedicalinstrumentengineering.BiomedicalEngineehng
Inrecentyearsconsiderableprogresshasbeenachievedindomesticmedicalinstrumentengineering.Manyplantsandscientific-researchorganizationsofmachine-makingandthedefenseindustryhavechangedtheirprofiletowardproductionofmedicalequipment.
However,medicalequipmentoftenmeetsareluctantmarketbecauseoffundingcutsinhealthservices.Medicalorganizationsoftencannotsatisfyeventheirbasicrequirementsfordiagnosticandtherapeuticdevices.
Also,healthserviceorganizationstendtobuyforeignratherthandomesticmedicalequipmentbecausetheformerareeasilyavailableonthedomesticmarketandpricesforbotharecomparablebecauseofinflation.
ThetransitiontoamarketeconomyinRussiahashadsubstantialimpactontherelationsbetweendomesticmanufactur-ersandconsumersofmedicaldevices.Thespectrumandqualityofavailableitemshasbeensignificantlyextendedinrecent
years.Itshouldbealsonotedthatavailablemodelsofmedicaldevicesarecontinuouslyupdated,whichmakesthemsufficientlycompetitive.
RepresentativeinformationontheupdatingdynamicsofdomesticmedicalequipmentissummarizedinTable1.ThedatawereprovidedbytheVNIIMP-VITAJoint-StockCompany,whichcompilesadatabankofsuchinformation.
Generally,newitemsaccountfor37%oftotalproductionofmedicaldevices.Routinelyproduceddevices(durationofproduction,2-5years)accountfor28%.Medicaldevicesoflong-termproduction(5-10years)accountfor17%andobsoletenomenclature(devicesproducedformorethan10years)accountsfor18%.
ItisseenfromTable1thatinrecentyearstherehasbeenconsiderableprogressintheupdatingofproductionofmedicalequipment.Forexample,accordingtotheVNIIMP-VITAJoint-StockCompany,theshareoftheitemsthathavebeenproducedfornolongerthan5yearsin1988didnotexceed35%,whilenowitis65%.Fortheitemsthathavebeenproducedformorethan10yearssuchsharesare40and18%,respectively.
Updatingofproducedmedicaldeviceswasencouragedbytheincreaseinthenumberofdesignersandmanufacturers,particularlythoseofformerdefenseindustryfacilities.Incollaborationwithforeignpartnerstheysetupjointventuresforproducingmedicalequipment.
Analysisoftheupdatingofthevariousgroupsofmedicalequipmentisofsubstantialinterest.
ItisseenfromTable1thatdetoxicationdevicescontributedominantlytothegroupofitemsthathavebeenupdatedwithinthestandardperiodofupto5years(100%ofproduction,includingmoderndevicesforhemodialysisandhemosorption).
Comparativelyhighupdatingindicesareobservedfordevicesforfunctionaldiagnosis:
72%ofthesedeviceshavebeenproducedfornolongerthan5years,andobsoletedevicesaccountforonly9%oftotalproduction.However,itshouldbenotedthatalthoughproductionofsomeobsoletedeviceshasbeenterminated,equipmentofsimilarfunctionalcapacityisstillurgentlyneeded.
Relativelylowupdatingindicesareobservedamongthedevicesforintensivecareandresuscitation:
16%ofnewitemsandcomparativelymanyobsoletedevices(26%).Amongnewmodelsapparatusesforartificiallungventilationareworthmention.However,someapparatuses,whichhavebeendevelopedlongagoarestillonthemarketbecausetheyhavegoodperformance,arequitereliable,andstillareindemand.Thisreducestheupdatingindexofthegroupasawhole.
All-RussianScientific-ResearchInstituteforMedicalInstrumentEngineering,RusaianAcademyofMedicalSciences(VNIIMP-VITAJoint-StockCompany),Moscow.TranslatedfromMeditsinskayaTekhnika,No.1,pp.4-9,January-February,1996.OriginalarticlesubmittedAugust23,1995.
0006-3398/96/3001-0001515.00yPlenumPublishingCorporation
TABLE1.UpdatingofBasicGroupsofMedicalDevicesandApparatuses(%oftotalnomenclature)
这里有个表
Thelowestupdatingindicesareobservedfordevicesforexaminingapatient'sbodystructures.Theseare:
ophthalmological,otolaryngological,andanthropometricdevices,endoscopes,etc.Theshareofobsoletedevicesishigh(44%),whilethedeviceswhichhavebeenproducedfornomorethan5yearsaccountforonly20%oftotalproduction.
Itshouldbenotedthattheseresultsonmedicalequipmentupdatingareimportantgeneralestimates,althoughtheydonottakeintoconsiderationspecificachievementsandshortcomingsintheproductionofindividualitems.Therefore,somecorrespondingamendmentsarerequired.
Oursurveyofavailableinformation,includingtheVNIIMP-VITAJoint-StockCompanydatabank,materialspresentedatvariousexhibitions,andrecentliterature,showsthatdomesticmedicalindustryhasdevelopedanumberoforiginalmedicaldevicesandapparatuseswhichweredesignedtoreplacesimilarobsoletemodels.However,manytypesofimportantandnecessarymedicaldevicesstilldonotmeetcontemporaryrequirements,andsometypesofdevicesarenotproducedatall.
Forexample,inrecentyearsproductionofsomesophisticatedmedicaldevices(apparatusesforintensivecare,resuscitation,andanesthesiology;devicesforartificiallungventilation,respiratorynarcosisdevices,extracorporealcirculation)significantlyrose,particularlyattheformerdefenseindustryfacilities,andtheirqualityhasbeensignificantlyimproved.Thefunctionalperformanceofthedevicesisgenerallyonparwithforeignanalogs.
Perfusionunitshavealsobeenimprovedandtheirproductionhasexpanded.Thisallowedthedemandofthehealthserviceorganizationsforsuchequipmenttobesatisfiedcompletely.Moderndomestichemodialysisdevices(Renart-10,Renan-10RT,etc.)havebeendevelopedandbroughtintowideclinicalpractice.
Thedevelopmentandproductionofdiagnosticmagneticresonanceimagingsystems(Obraz-3,TOROS)areconsiderablebreakthroughsindomesticmedicalindustry.Thissubstantiallyextendsdiagnosticcapacitiesofmanyhealthserviceorganizationsandprovidesthemwithtopicaldiagnosispreviouslyunavailabledomestically,althoughitisquitecommonindevelopedforeigncountries.
Domesticmedicalindustryhasbegunproductionofpulseoximeters;theseareofparticularuseinsurgeryandresuscita-
tion.Thisbridgedasubstantialgapinthespectrumofavailabledomesticmedicaldevices.
TheBilitestbilirubinmeter,whichhasbeenrecentlydevelopedandproducedinRussia,fullymeetstherequirementsofmaternityandchildren'shospitalsindevicesfordiagnosingjaundice.
Ahigh-standardradioimmunochemicallaboratorywasopenedattheVNIIMP-VITAJoint-StockCompanytosupplycustomerswithnecessaryradioimmunochemicalassaykits.
Anumberofhigh-qualitymedicaldevicesandinstrumentshavebeendevelopedattheelectronicindustryplantsand
institutes.Thefollowingdevicesareparticularlyworthyofmention:
-artificialcardiacvalvesoftheEmitronPlant,whichareonparwiththebestforeignanalogs;
-pHmeters(IstokStateScientific-ManufacturingAssociation);
-Ikarlong-term(upto24h)cardiomonitorswithelectronicmemory(KometaCentralScientific-ManufacturingAssociation);
-radiothermographsandracliothermoscopesfordetectingdeeplylocatedthermalfieldsinthehumanbody(Oktyabr'ManufacturingAssociationandDesignBureauforEcologicalandMedicalEquipment);
-originalthermalimagingsystem(InstituteofRadioelectronicsandAutomatics,RussianAcademyofSciences;OPTROS,Ltd.);
-originalcomputer-assistedsystemCardiacRhythmsformonitoringoatientconditionandpulsimetry(InstituteofChemicalPhysics,RussianAcademyofSciences;Ekos,Ltd.);
-videosystemforendoscopicimaging(ZenitScientific-ManufacturingA~sociation;ElektronScientific-ResearchandManufacturingAssociation);
-streamlinedtechnologyforproducingdisposableandreusablesyringes,injectionneedles,andsurgicalthreads.
Anumberofotherproblemsofdomesticmedicalinstrument-makingindustryhavebeensuccessfullysolvedinrecentyears.
Forexample,thenumberandqualityoftherapeuticdevices,particularlyforlasertherapy,isquitesufficient.Researchstudiesarecarriedoutbymanyorganizationsincludingformerdefenseindustryfacilities.Technologieswhichhavebeendevelopedforotherpurposesgivefruitfulresultsinmedicalindustry.
Accordingtoourdata,morethan150modelsofsuchmedicaldeviceshavebeendevelopedoverthelast5years.Some100ofthemarecommerciallyavailable.Althoughdomesticmedicaldevicesareoftensuperiorotforeignanalogsintermsofworkingperformanceandtheyaredefinitelylessexpensive,manyofthemarenotinshortdemandandarevirtuallynotused.
However,thisactivityinmanyotherareasofmedicalinstrumentengineeringcannotbeconsideredassufficientlysuccessfulandrational.
Itshouldbenotedthatmanynewlydevelopedmodelsofdomesticmedicaldevicescompareunfavorablywithforeignanalogs.ThisisparticularlythecaseforX-rayandultrasonicdevices,electrocardiographicmonitors,laboratoryequipment,etc.Nevertheless,accordingtotheVNIIMP-VITAJoint-StockCompanydatabank,certainpositivetrendshavebeenobservedin
recentyearsevenintheseareas.However,mostproblemsstillremainunsettledandtheconditionsrequiredtosolvethemhavenotyetbeenestablished.
ItisimportanttonotethattheseriallyproducedX-rayapparatusRUM-20(MosrentgenJoint-StockCompany)hasbeensignificantlyupdated.TheupdatedmodelRUM-20M-SG312iscommerciallyavailableincombinationwiththeSapfirdomesticimageintensifieroranimageintensifierofaFrenchmanufacturer.TheKruizfiatimageintensifierhasbeende