曼昆经济学原理英文版教案新部编本加习题答案11章PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES.docx
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曼昆经济学原理英文版教案新部编本加习题答案11章PUBLICGOODSANDCOMMONRESOURCES
教师学科教案
[20–20学年度第__学期]
任教学科：
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任教年级：
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任教老师：
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xx市实验学校
r11
WHAT’SNEWINTHESEVENTHEDITION:
Therearenomajorchangestothischapter.
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:
Bytheendofthischapter,studentsshouldunderstand:
Øthedefiningcharacteristicsofpublicgoodsandcommonresources.
Øwhyprivatemarketsfailtoprovidepublicgoods.
Øsomeoftheimportantpublicgoodsinoureconomy.
Øwhythecost–benefitanalysisofpublicgoodsisbothnecessaryanddifficult.
Øwhypeopletendtousecommonresourcestoomuch.
Øsomeoftheimportantcommonresourcesinoureconomy.
CONTEXTANDPURPOSE:
Chapter11isthesecondchapterinathree-chaptersequenceontheeconomicsofthepublicsector.Chapter10addressedexternalities.Chapter11addressespublicgoodsandcommonresources—goodsforwhichitisdifficulttochargepricestousers.Chapter12willaddressthetaxsystem.
ThepurposeofChapter11istoaddressagroupofgoodsthatarefreetotheconsumer.Whengoodsarefree,marketforcesthatnormallyallocateresourcesareabsent.Therefore,freegoods,suchasplaygroundsandpublicparks,maynotbeproducedandconsumedintheproperamounts.Governmentcanpotentiallyremedythismarketfailureandimproveeconomicwell-being.
KEYPOINTS:
∙Goodsdifferinwhethertheyareexcludableandwhethertheyarerivalinconsumption.Agoodisexcludableifitispossibletopreventsomeonefromusingit.Agoodisrivalinconsumptionifoneperson’suseofthegoodreducesother’sabilitytousethesameunitofthegood.Marketsworkbestforprivategoods,whicharebothexcludableandrivalinconsumption.Marketsdonotworkaswellforothertypesofgoods.
∙Publicgoodsareneitherrivalinconsumptionnorexcludable.Examplesofpublicgoodsincludefireworksdisplays,nationaldefense,andthecreationoffundamentalknowledge.Becausepeoplearenotchargedfortheiruseofthepublicgood,theyhaveanincentivetofreeride,makingprivateprovisionofthegooduntenable.Therefore,governmentsprovidepublicgoods,basingtheirdecisionaboutthequantityofeachgoodoncost–benefitanalysis.
∙Commonresourcesarerivalinconsumptionbutnotexcludable.Examplesincludecommongrazingland,cleanair,andcongestedroads.Becausepeoplearenotchargedfortheiruseofcommonresources,theytendtousethemexcessively.Therefore,governmentsusevariousmethodstolimittheuseofcommonresources.
CHAPTEROUTLINE:
I.TheDifferentKindsofGoods
A.Whenclassifyingtypesofgoodsintheeconomy,twocharacteristicsshouldbeexamined.
1.Definitionofexcludability:
thepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingit.
2.Definitionofrivalryinconsumption:
thepropertyofagoodwherebyoneperson’susediminishesotherpeople’suse.
B.Usingthesetwocharacteristics,goodscanbedividedintofourcategories.
1.Definitionofprivategoods:
goodsthatarebothexcludableandrivalinconsumption.
2.Definitionofpublicgoods:
goodsthatareneitherexcludablenorrivalinconsumption.
3.Definitionofcommonresources:
goodsthatarerivalinconsumptionbutnotexcludable.
4.Definitionofclubgoods:
goodsthatareexcludablebutnotrivalinconsumption.
Figure1
Rivalinconsumption?
Yes
No
Excludable?
Yes
PrivateGoods
▪ice-creamcones
▪clothing
▪congestedtollroads
ClubGoods
▪fireprotection
▪cableTV
▪uncongestedtollroads
No
CommonResources
▪fishintheocean
▪theenvironment
▪congestednontollroads
PublicGoods
▪nationaldefense
▪knowledge
▪uncongestednontollroads
C.Theboundarybetweenthecategoriesissometimesfuzzy.Whethergoodsareexcludableorrivalinconsumptionisoftenamatterofdegree.
D.Publicgoodsandcommonresourceseachcreateexternalitiesbecausetheyhavevalueyethavenopricebecausetheyarenotsoldinthemarketplace.Theseexternaleffectsimplythatmarketoutcomeswillbeinefficientintheabsenceofgovernmentinvolvementorprivateresolutionstocorrecttheexternality.
Activity1—PrivateGoods/PublicGoods:
ADemonstration
Type:
In-classdemonstration
Topics:
Publicandprivategoods
Materialsneeded:
Acandybar
Time:
10minutes
Classlimitations:
Worksinanysizeclass
Purpose
Thisexampleillustratesthedifferencebetweenpublicandprivategoods.
Instructions
Askforavolunteer.Givethevolunteeracandybarandaskhimorhertoeatit.
Whilethestudenteatsthecandybar,explainthatyoudonotwantthestudent’senjoymentofthecandytobemarredbytakingnotes.Offertodrawsomebeautifulartworkontheboardtoincreasethevolunteer’senjoyment.
Drawapictureontheboard.Alargeposteroraslideofrealartworkcouldbesubstituted.Askthevolunteerifheorsheisenjoyingthecandyandtheart.Asktheclassiftheygetanyenjoymentfromthecandy.Asktheclassiftheygetanyenjoymentfromtheart.
PointsforDiscussion
Thecandybarisaprivategood.Itisrivalinconsumptionandexcludable.Onlythevolunteergetstoenjoythecandy.
The“artwork”isneitherrivalinconsumptionnorexcludable.Thevolunteer’senjoymentdidnotdiminishtheenjoymentoftherestoftheclass.The“artwork”isapublicgood.
II.PublicGoods
A.Example:
afireworksdisplay.Itisnotexcludablebecauseitwouldbenearlyimpossibletokeepothersfromviewingitanditisnotrivalinconsumptionbecauseoneperson’senjoymentdoesnotprecludeothersfromenjoyingthefireworks.
Otherexamplesofpublicgoodsthatmaybeofinteresttostudentsincludehighwaysnowremoval,floodcontrol,andmosquitocontrol.Inalloftheseinstances,onecanarguethatgovernmentinterventionisnecessaryinordertoachieveeconomicefficiency.
B.TheFree-RiderProblem
1.Itwouldbedifficulttosellticketstothefireworksshowbecauseitisnotexcludable.
2.Thus,someindividualswouldgetabenefitfromtheshowwithoutpayingforit.
3.Definitionoffreerider:
apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit.
4.Morethanlikely,privateindividualsorfirmswillnotproducethefireworksshowbecauseitwouldnotbeprofitable.
5.Ifthesocialvalueofthefireworksshowisgreaterthanthecostofproducingit,itwouldbeefficientforthefireworksshowtobeproduced.
a.Thelocalgovernmentcansponsortheshowandchargeeachofitscitizenswithpartofthecost（intheformofatax）.
b.Ifthetaxislessthanthevalueofthefireworksdisplaytoeachindividual,everyoneisbetteroff.
6.ThisisanotherdemonstrationofPrinciple#7:
Governmentscansometimesimprovemarketoutcomes.
Studentsoftenincorrectlybelievethatallgoodsandservicesprovidedbythegovernmentarepublicgoods.Anexampleofthisiseducation.Thiswouldbeagoodexampletousetoexplainthemeaningofexcludabilityandrivalryinconsumption.
B.SomeImportantPublicGoods
1.Nationaldefense
2.Basicresearch
3.Fightingpoverty
C.CaseStudy:
AreLighthousesPublicGoods?
1.Lighthousesareusedsothatshipscanmarkspecificlocationsandavoidtreacherouswaters.
2.Useofalighthouseisbothnonexcludableandnonrivalinconsumption.
3.Thus,mostlighthousesareprovidedbythegovernment.
4.In19th-centuryEngland,lighthouseswereoperatedmorelikeprivategoods.Theownersoflocalportswerechargedwiththeserviceandiftheydidnotpay,theownerofthelighthousesimplyturnedoffthelightandshipsavoidedstoppinginthatport.
D.TheDifficultJobofCost–BenefitAnalysis
Pointoutthedifferencesinthewayinwhichabusinessprovidesandfinancesitsproductsandthewayinwhichgovernmentsdothesame.Thiswillhelpstudentsseethedifferencebetweenthemarketprocessandthepoliticalprocessasalternativewaysofprovidinggoodsandservices.
1.Todecidewhetherornotitshouldfundapublicgood,thegovernmentmustconductastudyofthetotalbenefitsandcostsofthegood.
2.Definitionofcost-benefitanalysis:
astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood.
3.Thisisverydifficulttodo,becausemeasuringhowmuchindividualswillvalueaspecificgoodisproblematic.
a.Quantifyingbenefitsisdifficultusingtheresultsfromaquestionnaire.
b.Respondentshavelittleincentivetotellthetruth.
4.Thisdifficultyimpliesthattheefficientsupplyofpublicgoodsismuchmorechallengingthantheefficientsupplyofprivategoods,becausebuyersoftheprivategoodrevealitsvaluetothesellers.
5.CaseStudy:
HowMuchIsaLifeWorth?
Beforetalkingaboutthissection,askstudentstowritedownthevalueoftheirlives.Askthemhowtheyarrivedatthisanswer.Thisisanicewaytoleadintothedifficultyofcost–benefitanalysis.
a.Example:
thedecisiontoplaceastoplightatabusyintersectiontoreducetheriskoffatalaccidents.
b.Thecostisknownindollarterms.Buthowcanweputthevalueofalifeindollarterms?
c.Somestudiesexaminethevalueofthelifetimeearningstheindividualcouldhavemade,butthisimpliesthatthelifeofsomeonewhoisdisabledorretiredhasnomonetaryvalue.
d.Economistsinsteadmaylookattherisksthatindividualsvoluntarilytakeandthosethattheyrequirecompensationfor.Workersinriskyoccupationsarepaidawagepremiumtotaketheserisks.Thisapproachgivesusanideaofthevaluethatanindividualplacesonhisorherlife.Studieshaveshownthisvaluetobeapproximately$10million.
III.CommonResources
A.Commonresourcesarenotexcludable,buttheyarerivalinconsumption.Thisimpliesthatpolicymakersneedtobeconcernedabouthowmuchisused.
B.
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