南越王墓英文导游词修改版.docx
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南越王墓英文导游词修改版
第一篇:
南越王墓英文导游词
NanyueMuseum
King[Introduction]
TheNanyueKingMuseum,formerlynamedNanyueTombMuseum,wassetupatthesiteofthetombofaNanyueKing,ZhaoMobyname,whostyledhimself“EmperorWen”andwasthesecondkingoftheNanyueKingdom,beingonthethronefor16yearsin137–122BC.TheNanyueKingdomwasalocalstateinSouthChinaintheperiodofChina’sWesternHanDynasty.Itlasted93yearswith5kingsinsuccessionandsubmittedtotheWesternHanin111BC.ThetombofZhaoMowasdiscoveredin1983,20metersundertheElephantHillatJiefangbeiRoadinGuangzhou.Withanareaofabout100squaremeters.Itisconstructedwith750blocksofredsandstones,with7chambersinall.ThistombisthemostimportantHanTombsofardiscoveredinSouthChina–itssizeisthelargest,thepoliticalandsocialstatusofitsoccupantisthehighestandthenumberofhistoricalrelicsunearthedisthegreatest–andsoisconsideredasoneofthe5majorarchaeologicalfindsinmodernChina.Articlesunearthedfromthetomb,totaledover1000piecesorsets,fallmainlyinto4categories:
copperware,ironware,earthenwareandjadeware.Amongallthearticlesunearthed,thegoldsealinscribedwiththewords“TheSealofEmperorWen”isthemostpreciousbecauseit’sthefirstemperor’ssealsofardiscoveredinChina’sarchaeologicalexcavations.NowthetombandtheunearthedartifactsareallondisplayintheNanyueKingMuseum.[GoldSeals]
ThegoldsealofEmperorWenunearthedfromtheNanyueKing’stombistheonlyextantemperor’ssealleftoverfromtheQinandHanDynasties.Untilitwasexcavated,emperor’ssealsoftheQinandHanDynastieswereknownonlyinhistoricaldocuments.Moreover,theemperor’ssealsrecordinhistoricaldocumentsaresaidtobemadeofwhitejadewithahandleofatiger,butthissealofZhaoMo’sismadeofgoldwithahandleofadragon.ItwasmadeintheNanyueKingdomandwastherealthatZhaoMoactuallyusedduringhislifetime.BesidesthegoldsealofEmperorWen,agoldsealof“Taizi”(meaning“theprince”)andzgoldsealof“YouFuren”(meaningofthe“wifeoftheking”)werealsounearthedfromthetomb,buttheyareknobbedwithaturtleinsteadofadragon.Othergoldarticlesunearthedincludegoldbelthooks,bubble-likegoldflowersandamong-shapedleavesandsoon.[Silverware]
Awhitesilverboxunearthedfromthetombisquiteunusual.Itwasfoundinthemaincoffinchamber,withhalfofitcontainingakindofsubstancethatlookedlikemedicinalpills.Judgingfromitsshapeandornamentaldesign,whicharegreatlydifferentfromthoseofthetraditionalChinesesilverware,andbychemicalanalysisofthepills,archaeologistsbelievethatitisaproductofPersiaanditscontentsareakindofArabianmedicine.Othersilverarticlesunearthedfromthetombarewashbasins,
wine-vessels,belthooksandsoon.Theywereallutensilsfortheroyalfamily.
[Copperware]
Bronzearticlesexcavatedfromthetombamountto500piecesandmore.Theyarekitchenutensil,tableware,musicalinstruments,horsecartharness,implementsforproductionandotherdailyutensilssuchastripods,mirrors,basinsandcandlewood-burners.Theyareallarticlesofexcellentworkmanshipdistinctivelocalfeature,witchnotonlyrepresentthetechnologicallevelofmetal-castingoftheNanyueKingdombutalsosereasanevidenceforthehistoryofthefoundingofthecityofGuangzhou.Onebigbronze-basinwhenunearthed,wasfoundcontainingbonesofpigcow,goat,chicken,fishandturtle,witchisanevidencetoprovethattheseanimalsweresomeofthestaplesofpeople’sdiet.[MusicalInstrument]
Alotofmusicalinstrumentswerediscoveredintheeastside-chamberofthetombAmongthemtheonecalled“GouDiao”isespeciallyworthmentioning.Itisachimeofbronzes,8piecesinall,totaling191kilosinweight,withonebiggerthanotherandthebiggestoneis64centimetershighand40kilosinweight.Onthesurfacesofthe8bronzesarecastwithanepigraph“MadeintheOfficialConservatoryintheNinthYearofEmperorWen”,whichshowsthattheinstrumentwasmadeinNanyueKingdomintheyear129BC.And,althoughover2100yearsold,thestillproduceclearandaccuratenotes!
[Weapons]
Weaponsunearthedfromthetombaremanyandvaried:
dagger-axes,coppersword,ironswordsarmorsandironspears,tomentionjustafew.Onecopperdagger-axesisengravedwithaninscriptionfromwhichwecanknowthatdagger-axeswasmadeintheQinandbroughttotheSouth.Onespearisbelievedtobeaweaponactuallyusedbythekinghimselforforuseasanarticletobecarriedbyaguardofhonor,becauseitisgorgeouslydecoratedwithinlayinggoldandsilverdesigns.Besidesweaponsforcombat,abronzetallyintheshapeofatigerwasalsodiscovered.Thetigertallywasaobjectofcredentialissuedtoofficialsasimperialauthorizationfortroopmovementorforuseondiplomaticoccasions.Itistheonlygold-inlayingtigertallystillinexistenceinChina.
[Jadeware]
Jadearticlesunearthedfromthetombincludeajadegarmentsewnwithsilkthreads,56piecesofjadediscs(called“bi”inChinese),9jadeseals,130piecesofjadependant,jadeboxes,jadecups,etc.UsingjadegarmentsascerementsforclothingthedeadwasapracticepeculiartotheHanDynasty.Suchjadegarmentsdiscoveredbeforeweresewnwithgold,silverorbronzestands.ButthejadegarmentforZhaoMowassewnwithsilkstrands–thefirstandtheonlyonesofardiscoveredinChina.Thisjadegarment,1.73meterslong,ismadeof2291piecesofjadethatarestrungtogetherwithredsilkstrands,formingdifferentbeautifulpatterns.Ofthe56piecesofjadediscs,47werediscoveredinthemaincoffinchamber,ofwitchoneis33.4centimeterandisthebiggestofitskindsofarunearthedinarchaeologicalexcavationsinChina.Ofthe9sealsunearthed,3werefoundonZhaoMo’sbodyandareinscribedrespectivelywiththewords“ZhaoMo”,“TaiZi”(theprince)and“sealofemperor”,whichisanevidenceforthefactthatZhaoMooversteppedhisauthoritytostylehimself“emperor”tobreakawayfromtheHanexerciselocalpower.[Earthenware]
Altogether371piecesofearthenwarewerediscoveredintheNanyueKing’stomb.Amongthemare4piecesofearthenjarsandtripodsthatarestampedwiththewords“ArticleofChangLeGong”.“ChangLeGong”(meaningPalaceofEverlastingJoy)wasthenameoftheresidentialquarterforthemotherandqueenoftheHanDynastyemperorintheimperialpalaceinChang’an(thepresent-dayXi’an).Dothese4earthenwarearticlessuggestthattherewasalsoa“ChangLeGong”intheNanyuekingpalace?
Inrecentyears,archaeologistshaveexcavatedontrial500squaremetersoftheruinsoftheNanyuekingpalaceintheoriginalsiteofGuangzhou’sChildren’spark.TheydiscoveredthattheplaceunderexcavationoccupiedjustthesamepositionintheNanyuekingpalaceastheChangLeGongwaslocatedintheHanimperialpalacewaslocated?
Thesequestionsremainyettobedecidedbyfurtherstudiesandresearchwork.
[SacrificialPersons]
Inthetomb,fifteenpersonswerefoundburiedalivewiththedead:
oneinthefrontchamber,whowasperhapsaeunuch;oneintheeastside-chamber,whowasburiedtogetherwithmusicalinstrumentsandwasprobablyamusician;fourwomenintheeastside-chamber,whowereconcubinesoftheking;seveninthewestside-chamber,whowerefoundstayingtogetherwithkitchenutensilsandwouldbecooksorkitchenhelpers;twointhepassageway,possiblyguardsofthetomb;andoneintheoutercoffin,probablyacart-driver.
TheinstitutionofburyingthelivingwiththedeadsovereignshadprevailedinCenterChinaduringtheShangandZhoudynasties(1766-770BC.),butwasonthewholeabolishedintheHanDynasty(206BC–AD220).ThediscoveryofthesacrificialpersonsinthetomboftheNanyuekingshowsthatthiscruelandsavageinstitutionwasstillpracticedbytherulingclassoftheclassoftheNanyueKingdom.
西汉南越王博物馆
[简介]“西汉南越王博物馆”位于广州解放北路的象岗山上,是中国西汉时期南方的地方政权南越国国王赵昧的陵墓。
南越国传五代历93年,汉武帝元鼎六年(公元前111年)归属西汉。
赵昧是南越国第二代王,汉武帝建元四年继位,称文帝,在位16年(公元137—122年)。
南越王墓于1983年发现。
陵墓深入地下20米,用750多块红色砂岩石筑成;面积约100平方米,分前后两部分,共七个室。
此墓是岭南地区发现的规模最大,出土文物最丰富、墓主人身份最高的一座汉墓;共出土文物1000多件(套),以铜、铁、陶、玉四类物品为主,其中“文帝行玺”金印是中国考古发掘出的首枚“皇帝”印玺,最为珍贵。
南越文王墓的出土,被誉为近代中国考古的五大新发现之一;陵墓现已辟为博物馆。
[金印]南越王墓出土的“文帝行玺”金印是我国考古发掘出土的第一枚帝印。
在传世或发掘出土的秦汉印章中,未见其他皇帝印玺,只有文献记载;而且文献记载的帝印都是白玉质螭虎钮印,而南越国赵眛这枚帝印却是金质印、螭虎钮印,是南越国自铸、赵眛生前实用之印。
除“文帝行玺”金印外,墓中还出土了“泰子”金印和“右夫人玺”金印,但不是龙钮,而是龟钮。
另外,还有一些金质饰品,如,金带钩、金花泡、杏型金叶等。
[银器]墓中出土的一件白色的银盒特别引人注目。
此盒出土时在墓主棺室,内盛半盒药丸。
该盒从造型及纹饰工艺特点来看与中国传统银器的风格迥异;经化学分析和专家研究,认为是波斯产品,里面的药丸很可能是阿拉伯药,因此该银盒为海外舶来品。
墓中出土的银器还有银洗、银卮和银带钩等,都是南越王室的专用器具。
[铜器]墓中出土的铜器多达500件;有厨具、饮食用具、乐器、车马器、生产工具及各种日月器具如铜鼎、铜镜、铜鉴、铜熏炉等,不但品种数量多,而且制作工艺精湛,极具地方特色;它们不仅反映出南越国当时的铸造技术水平,而且是广州建城历史的重要物证。
其中一铜鉴(深鼓腹大盆,可用来盛水或食物)出土时盛有猪、牛、羊、鸡骨和鱼、龟等水产,说明这些东西是当时的主要食物。
[乐器]南越王墓东耳室出土了一批各式各样的乐器,如钮钟、角钟、铜句耀等;出土时旁边还有一名殉葬的乐师。
其中一句耀上刻有“文帝九年乐府工造”的字样,说明此乐器是公元前129年制造;经测定,此句耀音质尚好,仍可演奏,弥足珍贵。
[兵器]墓中出土了一大批各式各样的兵器,如戈、铜剑、铜虎节、铁剑、铠甲和铁矛等。
其中一把铜戈上刻有“王四年相邦张义”的字样,说明此戈是秦惠王时由张仪监造、由秦带入南越的。
出土的铜虎节是一件国内仅存的错金虎节。
节是外交和军事上的信符,可以用来征调战车和士兵。
兵器中有洗错金银图纹的铁矛;从其华丽的装饰上看,此铁矛应为南越王自用的兵器或用于仪仗。
[玉器]南越王墓出土的玉器有一件丝缕玉衣、56件玉璧、9枚玉印章、130多件玉配以及玉盒、玉角杯等。
玉衣是汉代特有的丧葬殓服,通常为金缕、银缕或铜缕,而南越王墓出土地玉衣却是丝缕,为首次发现,也是至今发现的唯一的一件丝缕玉衣。
整件玉衣全长1.73米,共用玉片2291块,用朱红丝带粘贴,构成多重图案,色彩鲜艳夺目。
出土的56块玉璧中有47块在主棺室;其中一块直径达33.4厘米,是我国考古出土玉璧中形体最大的一块玉璧。
9枚玉印中有枚分别刻有赵昧、泰子、帝印字样,均出自主棺室墓主的身上,是赵越称帝物证。
[陶器]南越王墓出土陶器共371件,特别值得一提的是打上“长乐宫器”戳印的四件陶鼎和陶瓮。
长乐宫本是汉代首都长安的皇宫里最重要的宫殿,是汉皇帝和太后居住的地方。
这四件有“长乐宫器”戳印的陶器是否说明南越国宫殿里也有“长乐宫”?
最近,考古工作者在广州原儿童公园东边试掘出约500平方米的南越国宫殿遗址;此处在南越国宫殿中的位置正好与长安汉皇宫宫中的长乐宫所处的位置相符,它是否就是南越国宫殿中的“长乐宫”?
此推断还有待证实。
[殉人]南越王墓中共发现15具殉人。
前室一具,身份是“景