语言与社会期末问题与答案汇总.docx

语言与社会期末问题与答案汇总.docx

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语言与社会期末问题与答案汇总

1.Howdoyouunderstandtheinfluenceofcultureoncommunication?

1）Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere.Ourculturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstothoseandcountlessquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowyouliveandcommunicatewithinthisworld.

2）Cultureisthefoundationofcommunication,andwhenculturesarediverse,communicationpracticesmaybedifferent.Countlessaspectsofculturehelpdetermineandguidecommunicationbehavior.

3）Theworldlooks,sounds,tastes,andfeelsthewayisdosebecauseourculturehasgivenyouthecriterionofperception.

2.Whatarethemajorfactorsthatinfluencelanguagecommunication?

Thethreeelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication:

（1）culturalvalues.Itinformamemberofacultureaboutwhatisgoodandbad,rightandwrong,trueandfalse,positiveandnegative,andthelike.Culturalvaluesdefinewhatisworthdyingfor,whatisworthprotecting,whatfrightenspeople,whatarepropersubjectsforstudyandforridicule,andwhattypesofeventsleadindividualstogroupsolidarity.Mostimportant,culturalvaluesguidebothperceptionandbehavior.

（2）worldview（religion）.Aworldviewisaculture’sorientationtowardsuchthingsasGod,nature,life,death,theuniverse,andotherphiosophicalissuesthatareconcernedwiththemeaningoflifeandwith“being”.

（3）Socialorganization.Themannerinwhichaculturearganizesitselfisdirectedtotheinstitutionswithinthatculture.Thefamilieswhoraiseyouandthegovernmentswithwhichyouassociateandholdallegiancetoallhelpdeterminehowyouperceivetheworldandhowyoubehavewithintheworld.

3.Discussthedifferencesbetweenpositivepolitenessstrategiesandnegativepolitenessstrategieswithexamples.

（1）Positivepolitenessstrategies:

thoseshowingthecloseness,intimacy,andrapportbetweenspeakerandhearer

Nagativepolitenessstrategies:

thoseindicatingthesocialdistancebetweenspeakerandhearer

（2）PositivePoliteness:

isredressdirectedtotheaddressee'spositiveface,hisdesirethathiswantsshouldbethoughtofasdesirable.Redressconsistsinpartiallysatisfyingthatdesirebycommunicatingthatone'sownwantsareinsomerespectssimilartotheaddressee’swants.ThelinguisticrealizationsofPositivePolitenessareinmanyrespectsrepresentativeofthenormallinguisticbehaviorbetweenintimates.

Nagativepoliteness:

Redressiveactionaddressedtotheaddressee’snegativeface.Addresseewantstohavehisfreedomunhinderedandhisattentionunimpeded.SpecificandfocusedtominimizetheparticularimpositionthattheFTAeffects.PolitenessinWesternculturesisalwaysconsideredwithnegativepolitenessbehaviour.

（3）CategoriesofPositivePoliteness:

Claimcommonground;

Categoriesofnegativepoliteness:

useindirectspeechacts;question;hedge（deliberatelyvagueexpression）;bepessimistic;minimizetheFTA;givegifts

4.TrytofindexamplestoillustratethepositiveandnegativestrategiesusedintheChineseculturalcontextconsideringthefactorsof“in-group”vs.”out-group”membershipincommunication.

（1）Positivestrategies:

Usein-groupidentitymarkers；Usinganyoftheinnumerablewaystoconveyin-groupmembership:

addressforms,languageordialect,jargonorslangandellipses.

Examples:

“Honey,canyougivemethebeer?

”

“Heybrother,what’sgoingon?

”

“Howaboutadrink?

”

（2）Negativestrategies:

Opposingtensions:

desiretogiveheareran“out“bybeingindirect,andthedesiretogoonrecord.Solvedbythecompromiseofconventionalindirectness,theuseofphrasesandsentencesthathavecontextuallyunambiguousmeaningswhicharedifferentfromtheirliteralmeaning.

Examples:

“Canyoupleaseshutthedoor?

”

“Youcouldn’tpossiblytellmethetime,please?

”

5.WhatarethedistinctionsbetweenperformativesandconstativesaccordingtoAustin?

（1）Conditions:

trueorfalse（constative）-theconstativesutteranceisverifiableanditiseithertrueorfalse;felicityconditions（performative）-theperformativesrequirenotonly“theappropriatecircumstances.”butalsotheappropriatelanguage.

（2）grammaticalcriterion:

theperformativeverbisinthepresenttenseandeachsentencehassfirstpersonsubject

（3）lexicalcriterion:

”state”（constative）

“hereby”（performative）

6.Pleaseexplainthemaindistinctionbetweentheconceptofutteranceandtheconceptofsentencewithexamples.

（1）Utterancecansucceedasanactofcommunicationevenifthespeakerdoesnotpossesstheattitudeheisexpressing

Occasionallyutterancesarebothnonliteralandindirect.Forexample,onemightutter'Ilovethesoundofyourvoice'totellsomeonenonliterally（ironically）thatshecan'tstandthesoundofhisvoiceandtherebyindirectlytoaskhimtostopsinging.

Whenutteringthesentences,thespeakerisactuallydoingsomething,insteadofstatingordescribingsomething

（2）Therearemanysentenceswhosestandardusesarenotstrictlydeterminedbytheirmeaningsbutarenotimplicaturesorfigurativeuseseither

Thesentencedoesnotexpressacompleteproposition.

Sentencesusedforethicalevaluation

Sentencemeaningisconstitutedbyitsliteralmeaningandreferenceincontext.Themeaningisconveyedbytheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses（locutionaryact）followingthesyntacticandsemanticrules.

7.Illustratethefunctionofcontextininterpretingthemeaningoflanguageincommunication.

文本一：

Contexttoacertainextent,reducethebarriersofcommunication,makecommunicationmoresmooth,sothatcommunicationcanreceivegoodresults.Languageenvironmentisessentialforunderstandinglanguage.

（1）Contextisanimportantmeanstoresolveambiguity:

Anylanguagehasmanywordsareambiguous,usedinasentenceusuallyembodiesameaning,itmustmakeachoicebasedoncontext.Inalanguageenvironment,thespeakeronlypeopletoexpressameaning.PolysemyisalsoverycommoninEnglish,andsomekindofmeaningcanoftenbereflectedthroughthecontext.However,theexistenceofpolysemyandambiguitydoesnotcauseconfusionincommunication,becausethespecificcontextcanmakeitsimple.

（2）Contextisthebasisforunderstandingthemeaningofasentence:

Thesentencemeaningbesidestheliteralmeaningandtheimpliedmeaningoutside.Theconversationalimplicatureispeople,becauseofadiscoursemeaningdoesnotcomplywiththeprinciplesofconversation.Itisthetruemeaningofwordsaccordingtothecontextof,interpretationofdiscourseimplicationovertones.

文本二：

speakersofalanguagemustpossessinordertoexpresstheirintentionsandinterpretthoseofothers.Inordertoinvestigatehowwecan“makemeaning”byusinglanguageitisnecessarytobringinthenotionofcontext,thatis,thewaythevariouselementsarecombined,howtheyrelatetotheworldatlarge,andthepurposesforwhichtheyareused.Thissideoflanguagestudyisgenerallycalledpragmatics.Thecentralmessageofpragmaticsisthatmeaningdoesnotcomeready-madeor‘packaged’inwordsorsentences,butisconstructedbyspeakersandhearersthroughprocessesofinterpretation,inthecontextinwhichthelanguageisused.

Therearethreelevels（orlayers）ofcontext:

a）thelinguisticcontext;b）theinteractionalcontext,orthewaysinwhichpeople’sutterancesareorganizedandfollowoneanotherinaregularmanner;c）thesocialcontext,orthewaysinwhichinstitutional,socio-economic,cultural,andpoliticalconsiderationsinfluenceandareinfluencedbytheverbalactionsofpeople.

Therefore,touseEnglishappropriately,effectivelyandcriticallyinawiderangeofsituations,itisveryimportantforlearnersofEnglish,

8.Pleaseexplainthedifferencesofculturalcontextwithexamples.（课本178页划线部分）

9.Explaintheconceptsof“languagestyle”and“register”withyourownexamples.

（1）"languagestyle"meansduetotheauthor'slifeexperienceandartisticaccomplishmentofthecreationofthedifferentfeatures,languagestyleisawriterwithspecialstyleworksofcreativelanguage.Forexample,Pureandfreshandelegant:

libai,Stalldepressed:

Dufu,QingJianpopular:

Baijuyi,Thepowerfultragic:

Quyuan,Comfortquiet:

Taoyuanming,Boldsweep:

Caocao.

（2）Registerisoftenanindicatoroftheformalityorofficialnatureofanoccasion,oramarkofauthority.Linguistsmakethedistinctionthatregistervarieswithuse,ratherthanwiththeuser.Forexample,mostpeople'sspeechcontainspointers,lexical,syntactical,andphonological,oftheirclassorsocialstatus.Suchspeechchangesregisterwhenitisalteredtofitanoccasion,suchasappearingincourtorspeakingtoabureaucrat,writingascientificpaper,makingabusinesspresentation,orinteractingwithanolderrelativeorsmallchild.

10.Somepeoplearguethatgenderdifferenceinlanguageuseisakindofsubculturaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomen.Whatisyouropinionontheissue?

Inmyopinion,wedonotPayattentiontothedifferencesofgenderlanguagedifferencesbutalsofocusonthesimilaritiesbetweenmenandwomeninlanguage.

Inordertofullyexplaintherelationshipbetweenlanguageandgender,weshouldpaymoreattentiontothedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenmenandwomen.Althoughmanyscholarsbelievethatmenandwomencomefromdifferentcultures,thiskindofcultureisjustadifferentsubculture.Themainstreamcultureplaysaveryimportantroleintheprocessofthesocializationofmenandwomen.Sowhetheritismaleorfemale,theywillbeintheprocessofsocializationtolearnthevaluesandbehaviorofthemainstreamculture,butalsolearntoscorethevaluesandbehavioroftheirownsubculture.Inthisway,theirbehavior,includinglanguagebehavior,musthavebothsimilaritiesanddifferences.Soitisnotr