词汇学论文构词法.doc

词汇学论文构词法.doc

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Word-Formation

Abstract:

AfurtherwaybesidesborrowinginwhichthevocabularyofEnglishhasexpandedtoaccommodatetothenaturalandsocialworldinwhichitisusedhasbeentoemploymeansinternaltothelanguageitselffordevisingnewword.Thisistheareaofword-formation.Morphologicalproductivitycanbedefinedasthepropertyofagivenwordformationprocesstobeusedtoderiveanewwordinasystematicfashion.Mostlinguistsdividetheword-formationintomajorword-formationandminorword-formation.

Themajorword-formationalprocessesare:

-Affixation

-Compounding

-Conversion

Theminorword-formationalprocessesare:

-Abbreviation

-Backformation

-Onomatopoeia

KeyWord:

affixation,derivative,compounding,abbreviation,onomatopoeia

1Affixation

Affixation,alsocalledderivation,isaprocessinwhichafreemorphiscombinedwithaboundmorph,aprefix,orasuffix.Itisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingderivationalaffixestodifferenttypesofbases.Therearetwotypesofderivative.Onebasesonfreerootwithaffixorboundroot,theotherbasesonboundwithaffixorotherboundroot.

1.1Typesofaffixes

-prefixes

-suffixes

-infixes

ModernEnglishhasanumberofhighlyproductiveaffixes.Forexample,theprefixovercanbeaddedtoverbswhichexpressactivitiestoindicatethattoomuchhastakenplace,i.e.somethinghasbeenoverdone,cf.overcook,overcoat,overstay.Likewise,thesuffix–nesscanbeaddedtoanadjectivemakeanoundesignatingthequalityexpressbytheadjective,itsnouniness,sotospeak.

1.2Twotypesofderivative’sstructure

1.2.1Freeroot+affix/boundroot

1）prefix+freeroot

e.g.:

Indefinite（a.uncertain）,unforgettable（a.memorable）,minibus（coach）

2）free+suffix

e.g.:

wealthy（a.rich）,successful（a,achievingaims）,extremely（adv,toaveryhighde.g.ree）,comfortably（adv.inacomfortableway）

3）prefix+freeroot+suffix

e.g.:

enrichment（a.sb/sthbeingrichorricher）,international（a.connectedwithtwoormorecountries）,unchangeable（a.thatcannotbechanged）

4）combiningform+freeroot

e.g.Afro-American,Afro-Asian,techno-chemistry,microwave

1.2.2Boundroot+affix/boundroot

1）prefix+boundroot（withoutformation）

e.g.contradict（v.tosaysbhassaidiswrong）,descend（v.godown）,despair（v.giveupallhope）

2）boundroot（withoutformation）+suffix

e.g.confidence（n.trustin）,liberate（v.emancipation）,linguist（n.apersonwhoknowsseveralforeignlanguageswell）

3）prefix+boundroot（withoutformation）

e.g.distinctive（a.special）,intolerable（a.can’tbear）,contradiction（n.alackofagreementbetweenfacts）

4）combiningform+combiningform

e.g.macrobiosis（n.longlife）,microscope（n.aninstrumentusedinscientificstudyformakingverysmallthinglooklarger）

2Compounding

Compositionorcompoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,thatis,acompound.CompoundingisperhapsthemostcommonwayofexpandingthevocabularyofEnglish.Itallowsuserstocombinetwofamiliarwordstoformanewlexeme.

Veryoftencompoundsarewrittenastwowords,whichmeansthattheyareacceptedintodictionariesalittlereluctantly.Certainly,dictionariesseemnottolistcompoundsinanythinglikethenumbersinwhichtheyareinuse.Thismaybejustifiedperhapsbecausecompoundsarefrequentlytransparentandtheirmeaningsarerelativelyaccessiblewithoutadictionary.Furthermore,manyofthemdonotbecomelexicalized,buthaveaverytransitorylife.

Accordingtothewords’characteristic,therearecompoundnouns,compoundadjectives,compoundpronouns,compoundverbs,compoundadverbs,etc.

2.1CompoundNouns

n.+n.:

barcode,mousemat,Website

a.+n.:

blueprint,compactdisc

adv.+n.:

offchance,overdose,underclothes

-ing+n.:

learningstrate.g.y,marketingcampaign,parkingmeter

n.+v.:

daybreak,earthquake,parkingmeter

adv+n:

downfall,income,offset,output,uplift

v.+adv.:

get-together,handout,makeup

n.+-ing:

air-conditioning,brainstorming,familyplanning

prep.+n.:

afternoon,by-product,overcoat

2.2CompoundAdjectives

Asadjectiveisacore:

airsick,band-new;dark-blue,icy-cold;all-mighty,evergreen,overripe

Asnounisacore:

blue-collar,present-day;breaknecl,cross-country;chicken-hearted,dog-eared,wine-colored

As–ingor–edisacore:

energy-saving,epoch-marking;easy-going,far-reaching;mass-produced,poverty-stricken;absent-minded,half-done,newly-built

2.3CompoundVerbs

1）Formedbyback-formation:

house-keepfromhousekeeper

windowshopfromwindow-shopping

henpeckfrom