建筑外文文献及翻译.docx

建筑外文文献及翻译.docx

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建筑外文文献及翻译

外文原文

StudyonHumanResourceAllocationinMulti-ProjectBasedonthePriorityandtheCostofProjects

LinJingjing,ZhouGuohua

SchoolofEconomicsandmanagement,SouthwestJiaotongUniversity,610031,China

Abstract----Thispaperputforwardtheaffectingfactorsofproject’spriority.whichisintroducedintoamulti-objectiveoptimizationmodelforhumanresourceallocationinmulti-projectenvironment.Theobjectivesofthemodelweretheminimumcostlossduetothedelayofthetimelimitoftheprojectsandtheminimumdelayoftheprojectwiththehighestpriority.ThenaGeneticAlgorithmtosolvethemodelwasintroduced.Finally,anumericalexamplewasusedtotestifythefeasibilityofthemodelandthealgorithm.

IndexTerms—GeneticAlgorithm,HumanResourceAllocation,Multi-project’sproject’spriority.

1.INTRODUCTION

Moreandmoreenterprisesarefacingthechallengeofmulti-projectmanagement,whichhasbeenthefocusamongresearchesonprojectmanagement.Inmulti-projectenvironment,thesharearecompetitionofresourcessuchascapital,timeandhumanresourcesoftenoccur.Therefore,it’scriticaltoscheduleprojectsinordertosatisfythedifferentresourcedemandsandtoshortentheprojects’durationtimewithresourcesconstrained,asin[1].Formanyenterprises,thehumanresourcesarethemostpreciousasset.Soenterprisesshouldreasonablyandeffectivelyallocateeachresource,especiallythehumanresource,inordertoshortenthetimeandcostofprojectsandtoincreasethebenefits.Someliteratureshavediscussedtheresourceallocationprobleminmulti-projectenvironmentwithresourcesconstrained.Reference[1]designedaniterativealgorithmandproposedamathematicalmodeloftheresource-constrainedmulti-projectscheduling.Basedonworkbreakdownstructure（WBS）andDantzig-Wolfedecompositionmethod,afeasiblemulti-projectplanningmethodwasillustrated,asin[2].References[3,4]discussedtheresource-constrainedprojectschedulingbasedonBranchDelimitationmethod.Reference[5]putforwardtheframeworkofhumanresourceallocationinmulti-projectinLong-term,medium-termandshort-termaswellasresearchanddevelopment（R&D）environment.BasedonGPSSlanguage,simulationmodelofresourcesallocationwasbuilttogettheproject’sdurationtimeandresourcesdistribution,asin[6].Reference[7]solvedtheengineeringproject’sresourcesoptimizationproblemusingGeneticAlgorithms.Theseliteraturesreasonablyoptimizedresourcesallocationinmulti-project,butallhadthesameprerequisitethattheproject’simportanceisthesametoeachother.Thispaperwillanalyzetheeffectsofproject’spriorityonhumanresourceallocation,whichistobeintroducedintoamathematicalmodel;finally,aGeneticAlgorithmisusedtosolvethemodel.

2.EFFECTSOFPROJECTSPRIORITYONHUMANRESOUCEALLOCATIONANDTHEAFFECTINGFACTORSOFPROJECT’SPRIORITY

Resourcesharingisoneofthemaincharacteristicsofmulti-projectmanagement.Theallocationofsharedresourcesrelatestotheefficiencyandrationalityoftheuseofresources.Whenresourceconflictoccurs,theresourcedemandoftheprojectwithhighestpriorityshouldbesatisfiedfirst.Onlyafterthat,cantheprojectswithlowerprioritybeconsidered.

Basedontheideaofprojectclassificationmanagement,thispaperclassifiestheaffectingfactorsofproject’spriorityintothreecategories,astheproject’sbenefits,thecomplexityofprojectmanagementandtechnology,andthestrategicinfluenceontheenterprise’sfuturedevelopment.Thepriorityweightoftheprojectisthefunctionoftheabovethreecategories,asshownin

（1）.W=f（I,c,s…）

（1）

Wherewreferstoproject’spriorityweight;Ireferstothebenefitsoftheproject;creferstothecomplexityoftheproject,includingthetechnologyandmanagement;sreferstotheinfluenceoftheprojectonenterprise.Thebiggerthevaluesofthethreecategories,thehigherthepriorityis.

3.HUMANRESOURCEALLOCATIONMODELINMULTI-PROJECTENVIRONMENT

3.1ProblemDescription

Accordingtotheconstrainttheory,theenterpriseshouldstrictlydifferentiatethebottleneckresourcesandthenon-bottleneckresourcestosolvetheconstraintproblemofbottleneckresources.Thispaperwillstressonthelimitedcriticalhumanresourcesbeingallocatedtomulti-projectwithdefinitedurationtimesandpriority.

Tosimplifytheproblem,wesupposethatthatthreeexistseveralparallelprojectsandasharedresourcesstorehouse,andtheenterprise’soperationonlyinvolvesonekindofcriticalhumanresources.Thesupplyofthecriticalhumanresourceislimited,whichcannotbeobtainedbyhiringoranyotherwaysduringacertainperiod.whenresourceconflictamongparallelprojectsoccurs,wemayallocatethehumanresourcetomulti-projectaccordingtoproject’spriorities.Theallocationofnon-criticalindependenthumanresourcesisnotconsideredinthispaper,whichsupposesthattheindependentresourcesthateachprojectneedscanbesatisfied.

Engineeringprojectsusuallyneedmassivecriticalskilledhumanresourcesinsomecriticalchain,whichcannotbesubstitutedbytheotherkindofhumanresources.Whenthecriticalchainsofprojectsatthesametimeduringsomeperiod,thereoccurresourceconflictandcompetition.Thepaperalsosupposesthatthecorrespondingnetworkplanningofvariousprojectshavealreadybeenestablished,andthepeaksofeachproject’sresourcesdemandhavebeenoptimized.Thedelayofthecriticalchainwillaffectthewholeproject’sdurationtime.

3.2ModelHypotheses

Thefollowinghypotheseshelpustoestablishamathematicalmodel:

（1）Thenumberofmutuallyindependentprojectsinvolvedinresourceallocationprobleminmulti-projectisN.EachprojectisindicatedwithQi,whilei=1,2,…N.

（2）Thepriorityweightsofmulti-projecthavebeendetermined,whicharerespectivelyw1,w2…wn.

（3）ThetotalnumberofthecriticalhumanresourcesisR,withrkstandingforeachperson,whilek=1,2,…,R

（4）Δki=

（5）Resourcescapturingbyseveralprojectsbeginsontime.tEiistheexpecteddurationtimeofprojectIthatneedsthecriticalresourcestofinishsometaskaftertimet,onthepremisethatthehumanresourcesdemandcanbesatisfied.tAiistherealdurationtimeofprojectIthatneedsthecriticalresourcetofinishsometaskaftertimet.

（6）Accordingtothecontract,ifthedelayoftheprojecthappensthedailycostlossduetothedelayis△ciforprojectI.Accordingtotheproject’simportance,thedelayofaprojectwillnotonlycausethecostloss,butwillalsodamagetheprestigeandstatusoftheenterprise.（whilethelatentcostisdifficulttoquantify,itisn’tconsideredinthisarticletemporarily.）

（7）Fromthehypothesis（5）,wecanknowthataftertimet,thetime-gapbetweentherealandexpecteddurationtimeofprojectIthatneedsthecriticalresourcestofinishsometaskis△ti,（△ti=tAi-tEi）.Forthereexistsresourcescompetition,thetime–gapisnecessarilyapositivenumber.

（8）Accordingtohypotheses（6）and（7）,thetotalcostlossofprojectIisCi（Ci=△ti*△Ci）.

（9）Thedurationtimeofactivitiescanbeexpressedbytheworkloadofactivitiesdividedbythequantityofresources,whichcanbeindicatedwithfollowingexpressionoftAi=ηi/Ri*,.Intheexpression,ηireferstotheworkloadofprojectsIduringsomeperiod,whichissupposedtobefixedandpre-determinedbytheprojectmanagersonprojectplanningphase;Ri*referstothenumberofthecriticalhumanresourcesbeingallocatedtoprojectsIactually,withtheequationRi*=

existing.Duetotheresourcecompetitiontheresourcedemandsofprojectswithhigher

Prioritiesmaybeguarantee,whilethoseprojectswithlowerprioritiesmaynotbefullyguaranteed.Inthissituation,thedecreaseoftheresourcesupplywillleadtotheincreaseofthedurationtimeofactivitiesandtheproject,whiletheworkloadisfixed.

3.3OptimizationModel

Basedontheabovehypotheses,theresourceallocationmodelinmulti-projectenvironmentcanbeestablished.Here,theoptimizationmodelis:

Fi=minZi=min

=min

（2）

=min

=minZ2=min

=min

（3）

Wherewj=max（wi）,（

）（4）

Subjectto:

0

=R（5）

Themodelisamulti-objectiveone.Thetwoobjectivefunctionsarerespectivelytominimizethetotalcostloss,whichistoconformtotheeconomictarget,andtoshortenthetimedelayoftheprojectwithhighestpriority.Thefirstobjectivefunctioncanonlyoptimizetheapparenteconomiccost;thereforethesecondobjectivefunctionwillhelptomakeupthislimitation.Fortheprojectwithhighestpriority,timedelaywilldamagenotonlytheeconomicbenefits,butalsothestrategyandtheprestigeoftheenterprise.Thereforeweshouldguaranteethatthemostimportantprojectbefinishedontimeoraheadofschedule.

4.SOLUTIONTOTHEMULTI-OBJECTIVEMODELUSINGGENETICALGORITHM

4.1Themulti-objectiveoptimizationproblemisquitecommon.Generally,eachobjectiveshouldbeoptimizedinordertogetthecomprehensiveobjectiveoptimized.Thereforetheweightofeachsub-objectiveshouldbeconsidered.Reference[8]proposedanimprovedantcolonyalgorithmtosolvethisproblem.Supposedthattheweightsofthetwooptimizingobjectivesareαandβ,whereα+β=1.ThenthecomprehensivegoalisF*,whereF*=αF1+βF2.

4.2ThePrincipleofGeneticAlgorithm

GeneticAlgorithmrootsfromtheconceptsofnaturalselectionandgenetics.It’sarandomsearchtechniqueforglobaloptimizationinacomplexsearchspace.Becauseoftheparallelnatureandlessrestrictions,ithasthekeyfeaturesofgreatcurrency,fastconvergenceandeasycalculation.Meanwhile,itssearchscopeisnotlimite