词汇学1.docx

词汇学1.docx

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词汇学1

ChapterI

MainContents

1.Definitionoflexicology

2.Definitionofword

3.ThedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary

A.Englishvocabularyasviewedinthehistoricalperspective

B.Therapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabulary

4.ClassificationofEnglishwordsaccordingtodifferentcriteria

1.Whatislexicology

Theliteralmeaningoflexicologyisthe“scienceoftheword”.Itisabranchoflinguisticsdealingwiththevocabularyofagivenlanguage（thestudyofthesignificationandapplicationofwords）.Brieflyspeaking,lexicologydealswithwords.

2.Whatisaword

Twooftenquoteddefinitionsfor“word”:

1）.Awordisaminimumfreeform（最小自由形式）.（Bloomfield1933:

177-178）

BoundformsandFreeforms:

Boundforms（黏附形式）---genuinelinguisticformswhichconveyameaning,occuronlyinconstruction,aspartofalargerformandareneverusedassentences.

e.g.–essincountess,lionessetc.,orthe–ishinboyish,childishetc.,orthe–sinhats,books,cupsetc.

Freeforms---linguisticformswhichconsistentirelyoftwoormorelesserfreeformsandoccurassentences.

e.g.poorJohnorJohnranawayoryes,sir,isaphrase.

Afreeformwhichisnotaphrase,isaword.

Bloomfield’sdefinitionemphasizessyntaxanddoesnottouchuponmeaning,whichisacrucialaspectofany“word”.

2）.Awordisdefinedbytheassociationofagivensensewithagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengrammaticaluse.（AntoineMeillet）

Thisdefinitionshowsacombinationofmeaningandsoundwithspecialemphasisongrammaticaluse.Itisausefuldefinitionbutdoesnotincludetheconceptofwordastheminimalfreeform.

Therefore,awordmaybedefinedas:

Afundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning（bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning）,capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.

Similardefinitionfor“word”inChinesep2:

“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。

”

“词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。

”

3.ThedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary

Allthewordsinalanguagetogetherconstitutewhatisknownasitsvocabulary.

A.Englishvocabularyasviewedinthehistoricalperspective

ThefamilyrelationsbetweenEnglishandotherlanguages

ThemajorhistoricaleventsinthehistoricaldevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage

ThehistoricaldevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage

ThefamilyrelationsbetweenEnglishandotherlanguages

Majorfamiliesoflanguagesintheworld:

TheIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguages印欧语系

TheSino-TibetanFamilyofLanguages汉藏语系

TheBantuFamilyofLanguages班图语系

TheSemiticFamilyofLanguages闪族语系/Semito-Hamitic闪含语系

Uralic乌拉尔语系

Altaic阿尔泰语系

Indian印地安语系

TheeightmajorlanguagegroupsintheIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguage:

1）.TheBalto-SlavicGroup波罗的-斯拉夫语族（includingLatvian拉脱维亚语,Russian俄语,Bulgarian保加利亚语,Polish波兰语,Czech捷克语）

2）.TheIndo-IranianGroup印度-伊朗语族（includingSanskrit梵语：

Hindi印地语,Urdu乌尔都语,Bengali孟加拉语;Persian波斯语

3）.TheArmenianGroup亚美尼亚语族

4）.TheAlbanianGroup阿尔巴尼亚语族

5）.TheHellenicGroup古希腊语族（---nowGreek）

6）.TheItalianGroup意大利语族（includingLatin拉丁语andRomancelanguages罗曼,i.e.French,Italian,Spanish,Portuguese,Romanian罗马尼亚语etc.

7）.TheCelticGroup凯尔特语族（includingGaelic盖尔语,Welsh威尔士语andBreton布列塔尼语）

8）.TheGermanicGroup日耳曼语族（includingEnglish,German,DutchandScandinavian,斯堪的纳维亚各国的语言etc.i.e.NorthernEuropeLanguages:

Norwegian,Swedish,DanishandIcelandic）

TheThreeBranches语支ofTheGermanicGroup:

TheEasternBranch:

Gothic哥特语

TheNorthernBranch:

includingScandinavianlanguages

TheWesternBranch:

includingEnglish,German,DutchandFlemish佛兰德语

ThemajorhistoricaleventsinthehistoricaldevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage

1）.TheRomanConquestoftheBritishIsles（55B.C-410A.D）

TheEnglishpeopleareofamixedblood.TheearlyinhabitantsoftheislandwenowcalledEnglandwereBritons.FromtheBritonstheislandgotitsnameofBritain.

From55B.C,commandedbyRomanEmperorJuliusCaesar,theRomansinvadedtheislandseveraltimesandfinallydroveawaythenativeCelts（lateralsocalledBritons）,theearliestinhabitantsintheBritishIslestoScotlandandWalesandoccupiedthewholeEngland.

Havingoccupiedtheplaceforabout500years,theRomansretreatedin410A.D,thusendingtheRomanoccupationofBritain,andthisisthefamousRomanConquest.

2）.TheSettlementofthreeGermanicTribesintheBritishIsles

ThethreeGermanictribes,i.e.Angles盎格鲁人,Saxons撒克逊人andJutes朱特人（住在日德兰半岛的古代日耳曼部落）invaded（throughtheEnglishChannel）andsettledthemostpartoftheCelticislandsofBritainin449AD.

Later,thenewcomershadpossessionofallthelandnowknownasEngland（landofAngles）andthemovement,knowninhistoryastheAnglo-SaxonConquest,wascompleted.

Thesethreetribesmergedintoonepeople.TheyaretheancestorsoftheEnglishandthelanguagetheyspoke（threedialects）weredevelopedintoEnglish,thelanguageoftheAngles.

3）.TheIntroductionofChristianityintoEngland（基督教传入英国）

Asearlyas3A.D,duringtheperiodofRomanRuling,theinhabitantsbegantobeinfluencedbyChristianandacceptedit.

In597A.D,Augustine,thepriest,cametoEnglandfromRomantopreachinLatin,thusmanyLatinwordsrelatedtoChristianwereadoptedtoEnglish.

TheChristian（Roman）ChurchwasintroducedintoEnglandbysettingupitsfirstchurchinCanterburywhichlaterbecamethereligiouscentreinEngland.

4）.TheScandinavianInvasions/DanishConquest斯堪的纳维亚人入侵英国

TheDanes/ScandinavianwholivedintheNorthernEuropekeptmovingtoEnglandandsettleddowntherefrom790AD,endof8thcenturyto10thcentury.

AlongwiththeirsettlementinEngland,theNorthernEuropeanbroughttheircultureandlanguageaswell.

AsaresultanumberofScandinavianwords（theOldNorse）古斯堪的纳维亚语becamepartofEnglishvocabulary.

5）.TheNormanConquestofEngland（诺曼人征服英国）

In1066,mid11thcentury,NormansfromNorthernFrancemadeamassiveinvasionintoEngland（theBattleofHastingsinSouthernEngland）andfinallyoccupiedEngland.

Thereafter,lotsofFrench（Normans’language）wordscameintoEnglish.

FrenchhadaprofoundinfluenceonthedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary.

6）.TheRenaissance（文艺复兴）

ThewordRenaissancewasfirstusedbyItalianscholars.ItoriginallymeanttherediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekculture.

ButmodernscholarsuseittomeanthegreatvarietyofchangeswhichEuropeunderwentpolitically,economicallyandculturalbetween1450and1600.

RenaissancefirstbeganinItaly,thenspreadtoGermany,France,HollandandotherEuropeancountries.

ThespreadingoftheRenaissanceinEnglandhelpedtopushtheEnglishsocietyforwardandproducedavarietyofgloriousworks.

AmongthemanygreatfiguresofthetimeChristopherMarlowe,BenJohnson,andWilliamShakespearewerethemostshiningrepresentativesindrama,whichwascharacteristicoftheepochandlaterbecameknownastheElizabethandrama.

IthasmuchinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEnglish.

7）.ThemigrationofEnglish-speakingpeopletoNorthAmerica,Australia,andSouthAfrica

Intheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,theEnglishspeakingpeopleemigratedtoNorthAmerica,Australia,andSouthAfricaandbroughttheEnglishlanguagetothesecountriesandfromthenon,Englishdevelopedindependentlyindifferentcircumstances.

TheHistoricalDevelopmentoftheEnglishLanguage

Threeperiods:

OldEnglish（OE）orAnglo-SaxonPeriod（AS）（450-1100）

MiddleEnglishPeriod（1100-1500）

ModernEnglishPeriod（1500---present）

OldEnglish（450-1100）

ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagebeginsaftertheGermanictribes-Angles,SaxonsandJutesinvadedandsettledthemostpartoftheCelticislandsofBritainfromabout450AD.TheyspokeLowGermandialects.

ThefirstEnglishliterarylanguagewasbasedontheregionaldialectsusedinWest-Saxonterritoryinthe10thcentury.ButtheModernEnglishisnotderivedfromthatOldEnglishliterarylanguage,becausetheNormanConquest（1066,TheBattleofHastings）wasthereasonofthecompletedisappearanceofthisfirststandardEnglish.

SomecharacteristicsofOldEnglish

OldNorsewords（are,they,their,them,till,call,die,give,take,skin,etc.）

LatinhadagreatinfluenceonEnglish.（bargain,cheap,pound,inch,cup,pope,priest,temple,hymn,candleetc.）

ManywordsrelatedtoreligiousandRomanculturereflectingboththelifeandcultureofScandinavian.

SomecharacteristicsofOldEnglish

ThepronunciationofOldEnglishwordsdifferssomewhatfromthatofModernEnglishwords.

O.EvowelsundergonechangesMod.E

stanstone

fotfoot

fyrfire

representedthesoundofthbypandǾ

wipwith

Ǿathen

Thebasicelementsremained.Theyexpressfundamentalconceptsofhumanlife,suchas:

mann（man）,wif（wife）,cild（child）,hus（house）,benc（bench）,mete（meet,food）

MostofthewordsintheOEvocabularywereGermanici.e.native（本族语）withafewborrowedwords.

CompoundwordsplayedaveryimportantroleinOE.

e.g.day（OE:

dg）+red（OE:

red）→dawn（OE:

dgred）“黎明”

ear（OE:

earh）+ring（OE:

ring）→earring（OE:

earhring）“耳环”

ale（OE:

eaol）+house（OE:

hus）→alehouse（OE:

eaolhus）“酒馆”

Affixeswereusedtocreatenewwords.

e.g.forsettan（OE）=fore（=before）+settan（simpleOEv.=set）→obstruct“阻塞，妨碍”

SomeaffixesinModernEnglishwereusedinOE.e.g.prefix:

a-,fore-,in-

suffix:

-ship,-hood,-dometc.

MiddleEnglishPeriod（1100-1500）

TheConquestbytheNormanFrenchindicatedtheendoftheOldEnglishperiodandgreatlychangedthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage.

LatertheNormansinBritainbegantospeakEnglishmixedwithFrenchwords.SothevocabularyofEnglishlocaldialectswasinthatperiodenric