微型机器中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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微型机器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文:
Micro-machine
Fromthebeginning,mankindseemsinstinctivelytohavedesiredlargemachinesandsmallmachines.Thatis,large”and“small”incomparisonwithhuman-scale.Machinelargerthanhumanarepowerfulalliesinthebattleagainstthefuryofnature;smallermachinesareloyalpartnersthatdowhatevertheyaretold.
1.introduce
Ifwecomparethefacilityandtechnologyofmanufacturinglargermachines,commonsensetellsusthatthesmallermachinesareeasiertomake.Nevertheless,throughoutthehistoryoftechnology,largermachineshavealwaysstoodout.Thesizeoftherestoredmodelsofthewater-millinventedbyVitruviusintheRomanEra,thewindmilloftheMiddleAges,andthesteamengineinventedbyWattisoverwhelming.Ontheotherhand,smallermachinesinhistoryoftechnologyaremostlytools.Ifsmallermachinesareeasiertomake,avarietyofsuchmachinesshouldexist,butuntilmoderntimes,nosignificantsmallmachinesexistedexceptforgunsandclocks
Thisfactmayimplythatsmallermachineswereactuallymoredifficulttomake.Ofcourse,thisdoesnotmeansimplythatitwasdifficulttomakeasmallmachine;Itmeansthatitwasdifficulttoinventasmallmachinethatwouldbesignificanttohumanbeings.
Somepeoplemightsaythatmankindmaynothavewantedsmallermachines.Thistheory,however,diesnotexplaintherecentpopularityofpalm-sizemechatronicsproducts.
Somepeoplemightsaythatmankindmaynothavewantedsmallermachines.Thistheory,however,doesnotexplaintherecentpopularityofpalm-sizemechatronicsproducts.
Theabsenceofsmallmachinesinhistorymaybeduetotheextremedifficultyinmanufacturingsmallprecisionparts.
2.Whymicromachinenow
Thedreamoftheultimatesmallmachine,ormicro-machine,wasfirstdepictedindetailabout30yearsagointhe1966movie“FantasticVoyage”.Atthattime,thestudyofmicro-machiningofsemiconductorshadalreadybegun.Therefore,manufacturingminutemechanismsthroughmicro-machiningofsemiconductorswouldhavebeenpossible,eventhattime,.Therewas,however,awaitofover20yearsbeforetheintroduction,about10yearsago,ofelectrostaticmotorsandgearsmadebysemiconductormicromachining.
Whydidn’tthestudyofmicro-machiningandthedreamofmicro-machinesmeetearlier?
Apossiblereasonforthisisasfollows.Inadditiontomicro-machining,thedevelopmentofmicromachinesrequiresanumberoftechnologiesincludingmaterials,instrumentations,control,energy,informationprocessing,anddesign.Beforemicro-machineresearchanddevelopmentcanbestarted,allofthesetechnologiesmustreachacertainlevel.Inotherwords,theoveralltechnologicallevel,asawhole,mustreachacertaincriticalpoint,butithadn’treachedthatpoint30ago.
Approximately20yearsafter“FantasticVoyage”.,thetechnologylevelformicromachinesfinallyreachedacriticalpoint.Micromotorsandgearsmadebysemiconductormicromachiningwereintroducedataboutthattime,triggeringtheresearchondevelopmentofmicromachines.
Thebackgroudofthemicromachineboom,whichstartedabout10yearsago,canbeexplainedbytheabove.
3.micromachineasgentlemachines
Howdomicromachinesofthefuturedifferfromconventionalmachines?
Howwilltheychangetherelationshipbetweennatureandhumans?
Themostuniquefeatureofmicro-machineis,ofcourse,itssmallsize.Utilizingitstinydimensions,amicromachinecanperformtasksinarevolutionarywaythatwouldbeimpossibleforconventionalmachines.Thatis,micro-machinesdonotaffecttheobjectortheenvironmentasmuchasconventionalmachinesdo.Micromachinesperformtheirtasksgently.Thisisafundamentaldifferencebetweenmicromachinesandconventionalmachines.
Themedicalfieldholdsthehighestexpectationsforbenefitsfromthisfeatureofmicromachines.Diadnosisandtreatmentwillchangedrasticallyfromconventionalmethods,and“FantasticVoyage”maynolongerbeafantasy.Ifamicromachinecangentlyenterahumanbodytotreatillness,humanswillbefreedfrompainfulsurgeryanduncomfortablegastro-cameratesting.Furtherore,ifmicro-machinescanhaltthetrendofever-increasingsizeinmedicalequipment,itcouldslowtheexcessgrowthandcomplexityofmedicaltechnology,contributingtothesolvingofseriousproblemswithhighmedicalcostsforcitizens.
Micro-machinesaregentlealsointermsofmachinemaintenance,sincetheycanbeinspectedandrepairedwithoutdifficultyinreachingandoverhaulingtheengineorplant.Themorecomplexthemachine,themoresusceptibleitistomalfunctionduetooverhaulandassembly.Inaddition,therehavebeenmoreinstancesofhumanerrorsduringoverhaulandassembly.Itisgoodforthemachineifoverhaulisnotnecessary.Itisevenbetterifmaintenancecanbeperformedwithoutstoppingthemachine.Repeatedstop-and-gooperationwillacceleratedamageofthemachineduetoexcessstresscausedbythermalexpansion.
Suchgentlenessofamocromachineisanadvantage,aswellasaweaknessinthatamicromachineistoofragiletoresisttheobjectortheenvironment;thisisthedrawbackofthemicro-scaleobjects.
Forexample,afishcanswimfreelyagainstthecurrent,butasmallplanktoncannot.Thisisresultofphysicallawsandnothingcanchangeit.Still,theplanktoncanliveandgrowinthenaturalenvironmentbyconformingtotheenvironment.
Unlikeconventionalmachineswhichfightandcontrolnatural,micromachineswillprobablyadapttoandutilizenature.Ifamicromachinecannotproceedagainstthecurrent,awaywillbefoundtoproceedwiththeflow,naturallyavoidingcollisionswithobstacles.
4.Micro-electronicsandmechatronics
Theconceptofmicromachinesandrelatedtechnologiesisstillnotadequatelyunified,asthesearestillatthedevelopmentstage.Themicromachinesandrelatedtechnologiesarecurrentlyreferredtobyavarietyofdifferentterms.IntheUnitedStates,theacceptedtermis“microelectromechanicalsystems”(MEMS);inEurope,Theterm“Microsystemstechnology”(MST)iscommon,whiletheterm“micro-engineering”issometimesusedinBritain.MeanwhileinAustralia“micro-machine”.ThemostcommontermifitistranslatedintoEnglishis“micromachine”.ThemostcommontermifitistranslatedintoEnglishis“micromachine”inJapan.However“micro-robot”and“micro-mechanism”arealsoavailablecasebycase.
Theappearanceofthesevarioustermsshouldbeitemstakenasreflectingnotmerelydiversityofexpression,butdiversityoftheitemsreferredto.Dependingonwhethertheitemreferredtoisanobjectoratechnology,theterminologymaybesummedupasfollows:
Object:
micro-robot,micro-mechanism
Technology:
micro-engineering,MST
Object&technology:
MEMS,micro-machine
Withregardtotechnology,ifwesummarizethetermsaccordingto1)wherethetechnologyformicromachinesystemsbranchedfrom,and2)whethertheobjectdealtwithbythetechnologyinquestionisanelementoramachinesystem,thetermscanbeorganizedasfollows.Thatis,MEMSandMSTstemfrommechatronics,andhavedevelopeddealingmainlywithmachinesystems.Inthissense,MEMSandMSTontheonehandmicromachinesandmicroengineeringontheotherhandformtwoseparategroups,butasformerhasstartedtomoveinthedirectionofmachinesystems,whilethelatterhasalreadyincorporatedmicroelectronics,thedifferencebetweenthetwogroupsaregraduallydisappearing.
Lookingattheareasinthetwogroups,giventhatthemachinesystemswhicharethemainconcernofmicromachineincludemicroelectronics,itwouldbenaturaltoassumethatmicromachinesinchudeMEMEandMST.
5.thedefinitionanddevelopmentaim
Itisdifficultatpresenttogiveaunifieddefinitionofmicromachines,butifthesearetakentobemachinesystemsasoutputofmicromachinetechnology,thescopeforvariationofthedefinitionnarrowsslightly.
ThemicromachinetechnologyprojectbeingprojectbeingpromotedundertheIndustrialScienceandTechnologyFrontierProgramAgencyofIndustrialScienceandTechnologyofMITI,andthemicro-machineCenter,definemicro-machinesasfollows:
Micro-machinesaresmallmachinescomposedofsophisticatedfunctionalelementslessthanafewmillimetersinsize,constructedtoperformcomplextasksonasmallscale.
Theabovedefinitionofmicro-machinesisinfactinseparablefromthedevelopmentaimsformicro-machines.Atpresent,debateonthedefinitionofmicro-machinesisexactlythesameasdebatingdevelopmentaims,thatis,thediversityofdefinitionsofmicromachinesreflectsthediversityofdevelopmentaims.
6.Conclusions.
Micromachinesareunconventionalartifactswithrespectstotheirgentlefeaturestopeopleandnature.Thecurrentdiversityofthedefinitionofthemisoriginatedfromdevelopmentobjectivesandtechnologicalstartingpoints.Micromachinetechnologies,inviewoftheirdevelopmentprospect,areexpectedasgenerictechnologiesforthetwenty-firstcenturytosupportindustryandmedicineaswellasdailylife.Micromachinetechnologiesareessentialalsoforimprovingtheconventionalmachinesingeneral.
Micro-machinesareartifactsintinysize,buttheywillexertastronginfluenceonourlifestylesandsociety.
译文:
微型机器
从一开始,人类似乎本能的就有一种想制造“大机器”和“小机器”的愿望,这里的所谓“大”和“小”是相对人类身体本身的尺寸而言。
比人体大的机器将成为人类同暴虐无情的自然界做斗争的得力助手,而些小机器则只能乖乖地听从人类的命令,让干什么就干什么。
1、介绍
如果我们比较那些比较大的机器的设备和生产科技,普通的感觉告诉我们,小机器容易制造,然而,在全历史期间,大机器已经阐述了这一点。
在罗马时期,威克威斯发明的在水战中已经修复过的模型尺寸,还有,中世纪的风车和瓦特发明的蒸汽机正在代替。
在另一方面,科技历史上的小机器主要是工具,如果小机器容易制造,像这样的很多种机器应该存在。
但直到现代,除了枪和时钟之外,没有标志性的小机器诞生。
这个事实可能暗示小机器实际上更难制造。
当然,这不简单地意味着制造一个小机器是困难的。
它意味着发明一个对人类有标志性意义的小机器是困难的。
一些人可能说人类不想要小机器,然而,这个理论不能解释近来流行的袖珍型的机械产品。
历史上小机器的缺乏可能