微型机器中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

微型机器中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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微型机器中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献

（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）

原文：

Micro-machine

Fromthebeginning,mankindseemsinstinctivelytohavedesiredlargemachinesandsmallmachines.Thatis,large”and“small”incomparisonwithhuman-scale.Machinelargerthanhumanarepowerfulalliesinthebattleagainstthefuryofnature;smallermachinesareloyalpartnersthatdowhatevertheyaretold.

1.introduce

Ifwecomparethefacilityandtechnologyofmanufacturinglargermachines,commonsensetellsusthatthesmallermachinesareeasiertomake.Nevertheless,throughoutthehistoryoftechnology,largermachineshavealwaysstoodout.Thesizeoftherestoredmodelsofthewater-millinventedbyVitruviusintheRomanEra,thewindmilloftheMiddleAges,andthesteamengineinventedbyWattisoverwhelming.Ontheotherhand,smallermachinesinhistoryoftechnologyaremostlytools.Ifsmallermachinesareeasiertomake,avarietyofsuchmachinesshouldexist,butuntilmoderntimes,nosignificantsmallmachinesexistedexceptforgunsandclocks

Thisfactmayimplythatsmallermachineswereactuallymoredifficulttomake.Ofcourse,thisdoesnotmeansimplythatitwasdifficulttomakeasmallmachine;Itmeansthatitwasdifficulttoinventasmallmachinethatwouldbesignificanttohumanbeings.

Somepeoplemightsaythatmankindmaynothavewantedsmallermachines.Thistheory,however,diesnotexplaintherecentpopularityofpalm-sizemechatronicsproducts.

Somepeoplemightsaythatmankindmaynothavewantedsmallermachines.Thistheory,however,doesnotexplaintherecentpopularityofpalm-sizemechatronicsproducts.

Theabsenceofsmallmachinesinhistorymaybeduetotheextremedifficultyinmanufacturingsmallprecisionparts.

2.Whymicromachinenow

Thedreamoftheultimatesmallmachine,ormicro-machine,wasfirstdepictedindetailabout30yearsagointhe1966movie“FantasticVoyage”.Atthattime,thestudyofmicro-machiningofsemiconductorshadalreadybegun.Therefore,manufacturingminutemechanismsthroughmicro-machiningofsemiconductorswouldhavebeenpossible,eventhattime,.Therewas,however,awaitofover20yearsbeforetheintroduction,about10yearsago,ofelectrostaticmotorsandgearsmadebysemiconductormicromachining.

Whydidn’tthestudyofmicro-machiningandthedreamofmicro-machinesmeetearlier?

Apossiblereasonforthisisasfollows.Inadditiontomicro-machining,thedevelopmentofmicromachinesrequiresanumberoftechnologiesincludingmaterials,instrumentations,control,energy,informationprocessing,anddesign.Beforemicro-machineresearchanddevelopmentcanbestarted,allofthesetechnologiesmustreachacertainlevel.Inotherwords,theoveralltechnologicallevel,asawhole,mustreachacertaincriticalpoint,butithadn’treachedthatpoint30ago.

Approximately20yearsafter“FantasticVoyage”.,thetechnologylevelformicromachinesfinallyreachedacriticalpoint.Micromotorsandgearsmadebysemiconductormicromachiningwereintroducedataboutthattime,triggeringtheresearchondevelopmentofmicromachines.

Thebackgroudofthemicromachineboom,whichstartedabout10yearsago,canbeexplainedbytheabove.

3.micromachineasgentlemachines

Howdomicromachinesofthefuturedifferfromconventionalmachines?

Howwilltheychangetherelationshipbetweennatureandhumans?

Themostuniquefeatureofmicro-machineis,ofcourse,itssmallsize.Utilizingitstinydimensions,amicromachinecanperformtasksinarevolutionarywaythatwouldbeimpossibleforconventionalmachines.Thatis,micro-machinesdonotaffecttheobjectortheenvironmentasmuchasconventionalmachinesdo.Micromachinesperformtheirtasksgently.Thisisafundamentaldifferencebetweenmicromachinesandconventionalmachines.

Themedicalfieldholdsthehighestexpectationsforbenefitsfromthisfeatureofmicromachines.Diadnosisandtreatmentwillchangedrasticallyfromconventionalmethods,and“FantasticVoyage”maynolongerbeafantasy.Ifamicromachinecangentlyenterahumanbodytotreatillness,humanswillbefreedfrompainfulsurgeryanduncomfortablegastro-cameratesting.Furtherore,ifmicro-machinescanhaltthetrendofever-increasingsizeinmedicalequipment,itcouldslowtheexcessgrowthandcomplexityofmedicaltechnology,contributingtothesolvingofseriousproblemswithhighmedicalcostsforcitizens.

Micro-machinesaregentlealsointermsofmachinemaintenance,sincetheycanbeinspectedandrepairedwithoutdifficultyinreachingandoverhaulingtheengineorplant.Themorecomplexthemachine,themoresusceptibleitistomalfunctionduetooverhaulandassembly.Inaddition,therehavebeenmoreinstancesofhumanerrorsduringoverhaulandassembly.Itisgoodforthemachineifoverhaulisnotnecessary.Itisevenbetterifmaintenancecanbeperformedwithoutstoppingthemachine.Repeatedstop-and-gooperationwillacceleratedamageofthemachineduetoexcessstresscausedbythermalexpansion.

Suchgentlenessofamocromachineisanadvantage,aswellasaweaknessinthatamicromachineistoofragiletoresisttheobjectortheenvironment;thisisthedrawbackofthemicro-scaleobjects.

Forexample,afishcanswimfreelyagainstthecurrent,butasmallplanktoncannot.Thisisresultofphysicallawsandnothingcanchangeit.Still,theplanktoncanliveandgrowinthenaturalenvironmentbyconformingtotheenvironment.

Unlikeconventionalmachineswhichfightandcontrolnatural,micromachineswillprobablyadapttoandutilizenature.Ifamicromachinecannotproceedagainstthecurrent,awaywillbefoundtoproceedwiththeflow,naturallyavoidingcollisionswithobstacles.

4.Micro-electronicsandmechatronics

Theconceptofmicromachinesandrelatedtechnologiesisstillnotadequatelyunified,asthesearestillatthedevelopmentstage.Themicromachinesandrelatedtechnologiesarecurrentlyreferredtobyavarietyofdifferentterms.IntheUnitedStates,theacceptedtermis“microelectromechanicalsystems”（MEMS）;inEurope,Theterm“Microsystemstechnology”（MST）iscommon,whiletheterm“micro-engineering”issometimesusedinBritain.MeanwhileinAustralia“micro-machine”.ThemostcommontermifitistranslatedintoEnglishis“micromachine”.ThemostcommontermifitistranslatedintoEnglishis“micromachine”inJapan.However“micro-robot”and“micro-mechanism”arealsoavailablecasebycase.

Theappearanceofthesevarioustermsshouldbeitemstakenasreflectingnotmerelydiversityofexpression,butdiversityoftheitemsreferredto.Dependingonwhethertheitemreferredtoisanobjectoratechnology,theterminologymaybesummedupasfollows:

Object:

micro-robot,micro-mechanism

Technology:

micro-engineering,MST

Object&technology:

MEMS,micro-machine

Withregardtotechnology,ifwesummarizethetermsaccordingto1）wherethetechnologyformicromachinesystemsbranchedfrom,and2）whethertheobjectdealtwithbythetechnologyinquestionisanelementoramachinesystem,thetermscanbeorganizedasfollows.Thatis,MEMSandMSTstemfrommechatronics,andhavedevelopeddealingmainlywithmachinesystems.Inthissense,MEMSandMSTontheonehandmicromachinesandmicroengineeringontheotherhandformtwoseparategroups,butasformerhasstartedtomoveinthedirectionofmachinesystems,whilethelatterhasalreadyincorporatedmicroelectronics,thedifferencebetweenthetwogroupsaregraduallydisappearing.

Lookingattheareasinthetwogroups,giventhatthemachinesystemswhicharethemainconcernofmicromachineincludemicroelectronics,itwouldbenaturaltoassumethatmicromachinesinchudeMEMEandMST.

5.thedefinitionanddevelopmentaim

Itisdifficultatpresenttogiveaunifieddefinitionofmicromachines,butifthesearetakentobemachinesystemsasoutputofmicromachinetechnology,thescopeforvariationofthedefinitionnarrowsslightly.

ThemicromachinetechnologyprojectbeingprojectbeingpromotedundertheIndustrialScienceandTechnologyFrontierProgramAgencyofIndustrialScienceandTechnologyofMITI,andthemicro-machineCenter,definemicro-machinesasfollows:

Micro-machinesaresmallmachinescomposedofsophisticatedfunctionalelementslessthanafewmillimetersinsize,constructedtoperformcomplextasksonasmallscale.

Theabovedefinitionofmicro-machinesisinfactinseparablefromthedevelopmentaimsformicro-machines.Atpresent,debateonthedefinitionofmicro-machinesisexactlythesameasdebatingdevelopmentaims,thatis,thediversityofdefinitionsofmicromachinesreflectsthediversityofdevelopmentaims.

6.Conclusions.

Micromachinesareunconventionalartifactswithrespectstotheirgentlefeaturestopeopleandnature.Thecurrentdiversityofthedefinitionofthemisoriginatedfromdevelopmentobjectivesandtechnologicalstartingpoints.Micromachinetechnologies,inviewoftheirdevelopmentprospect,areexpectedasgenerictechnologiesforthetwenty-firstcenturytosupportindustryandmedicineaswellasdailylife.Micromachinetechnologiesareessentialalsoforimprovingtheconventionalmachinesingeneral.

Micro-machinesareartifactsintinysize,buttheywillexertastronginfluenceonourlifestylesandsociety.

译文：

微型机器

从一开始，人类似乎本能的就有一种想制造“大机器”和“小机器”的愿望，这里的所谓“大”和“小”是相对人类身体本身的尺寸而言。

比人体大的机器将成为人类同暴虐无情的自然界做斗争的得力助手，而些小机器则只能乖乖地听从人类的命令，让干什么就干什么。

1、介绍

如果我们比较那些比较大的机器的设备和生产科技，普通的感觉告诉我们，小机器容易制造，然而，在全历史期间，大机器已经阐述了这一点。

在罗马时期，威克威斯发明的在水战中已经修复过的模型尺寸，还有，中世纪的风车和瓦特发明的蒸汽机正在代替。

在另一方面，科技历史上的小机器主要是工具，如果小机器容易制造，像这样的很多种机器应该存在。

但直到现代，除了枪和时钟之外，没有标志性的小机器诞生。

这个事实可能暗示小机器实际上更难制造。

当然，这不简单地意味着制造一个小机器是困难的。

它意味着发明一个对人类有标志性意义的小机器是困难的。

一些人可能说人类不想要小机器，然而，这个理论不能解释近来流行的袖珍型的机械产品。

历史上小机器的缺乏可能