医学英语写作与翻译-材料与方法.ppt
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材料与方法材料与方法1.Howtowritethematerialsandmethodssection2.FollowtheguidelinesbelowforwritingagoodMaterialsandMethodssectionWritemostofthesectioninthepasttense.Organizeitinchronologicalorder.ConstructsubheadingsthatcorrespondtothosetobeusedintheResultssection.Bepreciseandconcise.StudySubjectsPresentinclusionandexlcusinocriteriaforselectingthesubjectsstudied.Givedetailsofallrelevantcharacteristicsofthestudysubjectsandofanycontrolsubjects.Givedetailsofinformedconsentproceduresifhumansubjectsareinvolved.MaterialsGiveexacttechnicalspecificationsofthematerialsused.Donotuseproprietary(专专卖卖的的,专专利利的的)namesunlessthepropertiesofaparticularproprietaryproductwereimportanttotheexperiment.Givethegenus5dVi:
nEs5dVi:
nEs(种种,类类),speciesandstrainofanyanimals,plants,etc.usedinthestudy.MethodsDescribewhatyoudid.Givesufficientdetailtopermitotherresearchworkersinthefieldtoreplicateyourwork.Describestatisticalmethods.Mentionawellestablishedmethodbyname,orbygivinganappropriatereference.材料与方法材料与方法ReadthefollowingexampleMaterialsandMethodssectionandfamiliarizeyourselfwiththelayout:
MethodsPatientsThirty-sixconsecutivepatientsunderwenthearttransplantationbythemidatrial-cufftechniquebetweenAugust1992andJune1993.Ninepatientswerenotenrolledinthestudy;fivepatientshadmultiplemedicallimitationsafterprolongedhospitalization,andfourpatientsdeclinedtoparticipate.Withintwoweeksaftertransplantation,informedconsentwasobtainedfromtheremaining27patients,whowererandomlyassigned(byselectionofsealedenvelopes)eithertoagroputhatparticipatedinanexercisetrainingprograminanoutpatientcardiac-rehabilitationsetting(exercisegroup,14patients)ortoacontrolgroup(13patients).Thecontrolgroupreceivedwrittenguidelinesforexercisebutparticipatedinnoformal,supervisedexercisesessionsafterdischargefromthehospital.材料与方法材料与方法Allthepatitentsweretreatedwithtriple-drugimmunosuppression,includingcyclosporine,(环孢霉素环孢霉素)azathioprine(硝基硝基)咪唑硫嘌呤咪唑硫嘌呤),andprednisone.Thedosageofprednisonewasinitially1mgperkilogramofbodyweightperday,givenindivideddoses,andwasgraduallydecreasedto0.1mgperkilogramperdaybysixmonthsaftertransplantation.Episodesofcardiacrejectionweretreatedwithanoralbolus(大大药丸药丸)doseofprednisoneandthentapered(逐渐减少逐渐减少)dosesand,forclinicallysevererejection,withOKT3murinemonoclonalantibody(muromonab-CD3).Episodesofrejecitnandinfectionwererecorded,andbloodpressure,renalfunction,andweightgainevaluatedinbothgroupsofpatientsduringthestudy.Cardiacfunctionwasassessedwithechocardiographyandright-heartcatheterizationatbaselinednatasix-monthfollow-upexamination.材料与方法材料与方法ExerciseProgramAtthetimeofentryintothestructured,six-monthprogramofrehabilitativeexercise,patientsintheexercisegroupwereevaluatedbyaphysicaltherapistforoverallmusclestrength,jointflexibility,andaerobicendurance.Onthebasisofthesefindings,asupervisedprogramofexercisewasdevelopedbythetherapistaccordingtoeachpatientsspecificneeds.Strengtheningexercisesconsistedprimarilyofclosed-chainresistiveactivities(e.g.,bridgingliftingofhipswithkneesflexedinasupineposition,half-squats,andtoeraises)andabdominalexercises(curl-upsandpelvictilts).Flexibilityexercises,whichemphasizedchestexpansionandthoracicmobility,includedsidestretches,trunktwists,scapulasqueezes,andshoulderrolls.Aerobicexercisesconsistedofwalkingonamotorizedtreadmillorpedalingonabicycleergometer(Cybex,Ronkonkoma,N.Y.),aswellasarmmovemntsonanergometer(Cybex).Thedurationandintensityofaerobic-exercisesessionswereincreasedtomeetthepatientstolerance,withagoalofatleast30minutesofcontinuousexerciseatamoderateintensity.材料与方法材料与方法Patientsinitiallyvisitedthecardiac-rehabilitationcliniconetothreeweekly(somewereunabletoattendmorethanonceeachweekbecauseoftransportationdifficulties)andreceivespecificinstructionsforexercisingathome.Thefrequencyofcardiacrehabilitationsessionswasgraduallyreducedtooneeverytwoweeksaspatientsbecamemoreindependentlyinvolvedintheirhomeexerciseprograms.Patientswhohadrejectionwereinstructednottoexerciseuntilafollow-upendomyocardialbiopsyshowedresolutionofrejection,whichusuallyrequiredtwoweeks.材料与方法材料与方法MeasurementsCardiopulmonaryExerciseTestingAllthepatientsunderwentacardiopulmonaryexercisestresstestthatisroutinelyadministeredinourlaboratorywithinonemonthaftercardiactransplantationandagainsixmonthsaftertransplantation.Cardiopulmonaryexercisestresstestswereconductedbybicycleergometry.Duringtesting,theelectrocardiogramwasmonitoredcontinuouslyandthebloodpressurewasmea