运输管理外文文献翻译.doc

运输管理外文文献翻译.doc

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外文翻译—原文部分

Transportationmanagement

Transportcostisinfluencedbysevenfactors.Thespecificfactorsaredistance,volume,density,stow-ability,handling,liability,andmarket.Ingeneral,theabovesequencereflectstherelativeimportanceofeachfactor.

Distanceisamajorinfluenceontransportationcostsinceitdirectlycontributestovariablecost,suchaslabor,fuelandmaintenance.

Thesecondfactorisloadvolume.Likemanyotherlogisticsactivities,transportationscaleeconomicsexistformostmovements.Transportationcostperunitofweightdecreasesasloadvolumeincreases.

Thethirdeconomicfactorisproductdensity,whichincorporatesweightandspaceconsiderations.Theseareimportantsincetransportationcostisusuallyquotedintermsofdollarsperunitofweight,suchasamountperton.Intermsofweightandspace,anindividualvehicleisconstrainedmorebyspacethanbyweight.Onceavehicleisfullintermsofspace,itisnotpossibletoincreasetheamountcarriedeveniftheproductislight.Sinceactualvehiclelaborandfuelexpensesarenotdramaticallyinfluencedbyweight,higherdensityproductsallowrelativelyfixedtransportcoststobespreadacrossadditionalweight.Asaresult,theseproductsareassessedlowertransportcostsperunitofweight.

Thestowabilityfactorreferstoproductdimensionsandhowtheyaffectvehiclespaceultilization.Oddsizesandspaces,aswellasexcessiveweightorlength,donotshowwellandtypicallywastespace.Itemswithstandardrectangularshapesaremucheasiertoshowthanodd-shapeditems.

Specialhandlingequipmentmayberequiredforloadingorunloadingtrucks,railcars,orships.Furthermore,themannerinwhichproductsarephysicallygroupedtogether（e.g.,taped,boxed,orpalletized）fortransportandstoragealsoaffectshandlingcost.

Finally,marketfactors,suchaslanevolumeandbalance,influencetransportationcost.Atransportlanereferstomovementsbetweenoriginanddestinationpoints.Sincetransportationvehiclesanddriversmustreturntotheirorigin,eithertheymustfindaloadtobringback（“back-haul”）,orwhendeadheadmovementsoccur,labor,fuel,andmaintenancecostsmustbechargedagainsttheoriginal“front-haul”move.Thus,theidealsituationisfor“balanced”moveswherevolumeisequalinbothdirections.However,thisisrarelythecasebecauseofdemandimbalancesinmanufacturingandconsumptionlocations.

Transportdocumentation

Severaldocumentsarerequiredtoperformeachtransportmovement.Thethreeprimarytypesarebillsoflading,freightbills,andshippingmanifests.

Thebillofladingisthebasicdocumentultilizedinpurchasingtransportservice.Itservesasareceiptanddocumentscommoditiesandquantitiesshipped.Forthisreason,accuratedescriptionandcountareessential.Incaseofloss,damage,ordelay,thebillofladingisthebasisfordamageclaims.Thedesignatedindividualorbuyeronabillofladingistheonlybonafiderecipientofgoods.Acarrierisresponsiblefordeliveryaccordingtoinstructionscontainedinthedocument.Ineffect,titleistransferredwithcompletionofdelivery.

ThebillofladingspecifiestermsandconditionsofcarrierliabilityanddocumentsresponsibilityforallpossiblecausesoflossordamageexceptthosedefinedasactsofGod.Itisimportantthattermsandconditionsbeclearlyunderstoodsothatappropriateactionscanbetakenintheeventofsubstandardperformance.

Inadditiontotheuniformbilloflading,anothercommonlyusedtypeisorder-notified.Itisimportanttoselectthecorrectbillofladingforaspecificshipment.

Anordernotifiedornegotiablebillofladingisacreditinstrument.Inprovidesthatdeliverynotbemadeunlesstheoriginalbillofladingissurrenderedtothecarrier.Theusualprocedureisforthesellertosendtheordernotifiedbillofladingtoathirdparty,usuallyabankorcreditinstitution.Uponcustomerpaymentfortheproduct,thecreditinstitutionreleasesthegoods.Thisfacilitatesinternationaltransportwherepaymentforgoodsismajorconsideration.

Thefreightbillpresentsacarrier’smethodofchargingfortransportationservices.Itisdevelopedusinginformationcontainedinthebilloflading.Thefreightbillmaybeeitherprepaidorcollect.Aprepaidbillmeansthattransportcostmustbepaidpriortoperformance,whereasacollectshipmentshiftspaymentresponsibilitytotheconsignee.Considerableadministrationisinvolvedinpreparingbillsofladingandfreightbills.

Theshippingmanifestlistsindividualstopsorconsigneeswhenmultipleshipmentsareplacedonasinglevehicle.Eachshipmentrequiresabilloflading.Themanifestlistthestop,billoflading,weight,andcasecountforeachshipment.Theobjectiveofthemanifestistoprovideasingledocumentthatdefinesthecontentsoftotalload