高级英语修辞归纳.docx

高级英语修辞归纳.docx

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高级英语修辞归纳

.PhoneticDevices语音修辞

1.Onomatopoeia（拟声）:

Theuseofwordsthatimitatethesoundsassociatedwiththeobjectsoractionstheyreferto.

例：

Asyouapproachit,atinklingandbangingandclashingbeginstoimpingeonyourear.

AllwasquietagaininHanMansionexceptforsomepeoplesnoring,thehorsechewingmash,andgeesecracklingatintervals.

Icanhearthewatersplashing,thebeeshumming,andthefrogscroaking.

2.Alliteration（头韵）:

Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervalsandsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalled“frontrhyme”.

例：

Thefairbreezeblew,\thewhitefoamflew,\Thefurrowfollowedfree;\Wewerethefirstthateverburst\intothatsilentsea.

Moneymakesthemarego.A good fame is better than a good face.

3.Consonance（辅韵）：

Itreferstotherepetitionofthesameconsonantsintheendofagroupofwords.（一组词，一句话或一行诗歌中，相同的词尾辅音重复出现）

例1：

Helaughsbestwholaughslast.

例2：

Withhisthreehundredwaging

Thebattle,longhestood.

Andlikealionraging,

Expiresinseasofblood.（此处也称诗歌的rhyme）

4.Homoeotoleuton（谐缀）,meaningsimilarityofendings,referstotheuseofidenticalorsimilarsoundingsuffixes（后缀）onthefinalwordsofphrasesorclauses.Homoeotoleutonisusuallyusedinaversebutitalsohasawonderfuleffectinaprose.

例：

Thereisnosecuritybutopportunityonthisearth. 

IneedtimetodrinkbutIneedmoretimetothink.

Educationisnotreceivedbutachieved.

5.Assonance（半谐音）：

Assonanceistherepetitionofsimilarvowelsounds,precededandfollowedbydifferentconsonants,inthestressedsyllablesofadjacentwords.

例：

AllroadsleadtoRome.

Acitythatissetonahillcannotbehid.城造在山上，是不能隐藏的。

Littlestrokesfellgreatoaks.

SemanticDevices语义修辞

6.Simile（明喻）：

Asimileisacomparisonbetweentwoquitedifferentthings,designedtocreateanunusual,interesting,emotionalorothereffectoftenusingwordssuchas“like”,“as…as”,“asif/though”.

例：

Thepoemhewroteislikeacolorfulpainting.

Heisasstubbornasamute.

Thetwoboyslookasifofthesamecast

Hehadnomoreideaofartthanacow（明确的比喻“than”）

7.Metaphor（隐喻）：

Ametaphorisawordorphrasethatdescribesonethingbeingusedtodescribeanother.Itisanimpliedcomparisonbetweentwoormoreunlikethings;achievedbyidentifyingonewiththeother.Sometimesboththetenorandvehicleappear,whilesometimesonlythevehicleappears.

A.tobe结构be动词连接本体（thetenor）与喻体（thevehicle）

例：

Kindnessisthegoldenchainbywhichsocietyisbound.

Life'sbutawalkingshadow.人生不过是行走的影子

Violenceisthecancerofmodernsociety.

B.“of”连接本体与喻体。

Of表同位关系

例：

Ifalluponthethornoflife!

Ibleed!

我落入生活的荆棘中，我淌血

C.用动词和形容词表示比喻

例：

Noone,leastofallI,anticipatedthatmycasewouldsnowballintooneofthemostfamoustrialsinU.S.history.

Thestreetaroundthethree-storeyredbricklawcourtsproutedwithricketystandssellinghotdogs

Inthebackground,atinyapprenticeblowsabigcharcoalfirewithahugeleatherbellowsworkedbyastringattachedtohisbigtoe—theredofthelivecoals,glowingbrightandthendimmingrhythmicallytothestrokesofthebellows.

8.Metonymy（转喻）:

Metonymyisawordorphrasethatisusedtorepresentsomethingitiscloselyassociatedwithalthoughboththingsinvolvedarenotofthesamekind.转喻是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。

Forexample:

Whenwesay“Thekettleisboiling”,weactuallymeanthewaterinthekettleisboiling.Herethekettlehasnothingincommonwithwater,buthassomethingtodowithit.

Otherexamplesare:

thePressfornewspapersingeneral,WallStreetfortheAmericanstockmarket,theBenchforthejudiciary,andDanteforhisworks.

例：

Hiswalletwouldnotallowhimthatluxury.实际上指钱

Penismightierthanthesword.（前者指文字，后者指武力）

Heisfondofthebottle.他嗜好喝酒。

（bottle代替酒）

Hemusthavebeenspoiltfromthecradle.（代童年）

9.Synecdoche（提喻）：

Synecdocheisaformofmetaphorinwhichthepartstandsforthewhole,thewholestandsforapart,oranindividualforaclass,thematerialforthethingorviceversa.

例：

Shewasdressedinsilk.\Ahandisneededinourworkshop.

Twoheadsarebetterthanone.\Hetoiledalldaylongtoearnhisbread.

ItalybeatFranceintheWorldCupFinals.\Therewasn’tasailinsight.

10.Personification（拟人）:

Personificationgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributestoinanimateobjects,ortoideasandabstractions.Itisthusaformofmetaphorinwhichtheinanimatethingisseentohavesomesimilaritywithhumans.

例：

Aliecantravelhalfwayaroundtheworldwhilethetruthisputtingonitsshoes.

Theflowersnoddedtoherasshepassed.

Thesunkissedthegreenfields.

11.Pun（双关）Punisaplayonwordsforawittyorhumorouseffect,whichinvolvesanamusinguseofexpressionswithadoublemeaningorthesamesoundbutdifferentmeanings.双关是指同形异义词（homonym）或同音异义（homophone）词的巧妙使用，是一种文字游戏。

例：

Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweak（week）.    

Askformetomorrowandyoushallfindmeagraveman.（death）grave还指严肃

Itisbettertoliverichthantodierich（toliverich指过充实的生活，todierich指死时很富有，同样地词rich意思不同）

Islifeworthliving?

Itdependsontheliver.（Heretheplayisuponthehomonymsliver,meaningonewholivesandliver,animportantorganinhumanbody.）

12.Euphemism（委婉）Euphemismiswhenyousubstitutelanguagethatislessdirectandvagueforanotherthatisconsideredtobeharsh,bluntoroffensive.Itisoftenusedoutofcourtesyorconsiderationforotherpeople’sfeelings.

例：

Onthe14thofMarch,thegreatestlivingthinkerceasedtothink.（die）

Thegirlishardofhearing（isdeaf）.

landscapearchitect（gardener）sanitationengineer（garbageman）

thedisadvantaged（thepoor）seniorcitizens（oldpeople）

payingguest（boarder）restroom（toilet）

13.Hyperbole（夸张）：

Hyperboleisoverstatementorexaggeratedlanguagethatdistortsfactsbymakingthemmuchbiggerthantheyareiflookedatobjectively.Itisoftenusedtoexpressone’sstrongfeelingorviolentemotionsbyremarkableimaginationfortheeffectofstrongimpression,humororsarcasm.Hyperboleshouldgobeyondfactsbutcannotbedivorcedfromreality.

例：

Herbeautymadethebrightworlddim.Sheshedfloodsoftears.

Hecomplainsandwithmillionsofreasons.

Hiswordsmademybloodfreeze.

Fromhismouthflowedthespeechsweeterthanhoney.

14.Understatement（低调陈述）referstoastatementthatisnotstrongenoughtoexpressfactsorfeelingswithfullforce,orthatdeliberatelyminimizetheimportance,thereforeitistheoppositeofhyperbole.

例：

Accordingtothenewspaper,thedriver,whowasreturningfromawedding,seemedpuzzled,“Ionlyhadtwobottlesofbeerandcocktail.

Noonewasmorewillingtodoafavorforafriendorneighborthanhe

Thecountryitselfisnotuncomely,despitethegrimeoftheendlessmills.（双重否定）

Itisnotadisagreeablethingtoberich.（否定词）

15.Irony（反语）:

amethodofcreatinghumororsubtlesarcasminwhichtheactualintentisexpressedinwordswhichcarrytheoppositemeaning.

例.“Couldyouwaitafewdaysforthemoney?

Ihaven’tanysmallchangeaboutme.”“Oh,youhaven’t?

Well,ofcourse,Iknowthatgentlemanlikeyoucarryonlylargenotes.”

Thishard-workingboyseldomreadsmorethananhourperweek.

16.Oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）:

Oxymoronisarhetoricalfigureinwhichanepigrammatic（警句的）effectiscreatedbytheconjunctionofincongruous（不相称的）orcontradictoryterms.Itisacommondevice,closelyrelatedtoantithesis（对立）andparadox,asin“bitter-sweetmemories”and“mildlymagnificent”.

例：

avictoriousdefeat（虽败犹荣）tearfuljoy（喜极而泣）

Nolight,onlydarknessvisible./Hemethissonwithpainfulpleasure.

Tome,youareafamiliarstranger.

Iwon’tsay“yes”andIwon’tsay“No”,butI’mgivingyouadefinite“Maybe”.

17.Paradox（隽语）:

Paradoxconsistsofastatementofpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingmayprovetobetrue,well-found.隽语是指似非而是，表达一个意味深长的意思的修辞格。

Makehaste,lessspeed.欲速则不达

Failureisthemotherofsuccess.

Amanofgreatwisdomoftenseemsslowwitted.

Afriendwhoalwayscomplimentsyouisnotatruefriend.

Thechildisfathertotheman.（Paraphrase:

Everyonewasonceachildandhasdevelopedfromachild.）

Themoreyougive,themoreyouhave.（Paraphrase:

Themorehelpyougivetoothers,themorehelpyouwillhavefromothers.）

18.Allusion（典故）:

Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesbrief,oftencasualreferencetoahistoricalorliteraryfigure,eventorobject.

例：

Achilles’heel:

apointofweakness,fromGreekmythology.

Pandora’sBox:

asourceofinnumerabletroubles,fromGreekmythology.

SwordofDamocles（Greekmyth）Sirensong（Greekmyth）

Poundofflesh（Shakespeare）

19.Transferredepithet（移就）:

Atransferredepithetisanadjectivemodifyinganounwhichitcannotlogicallymodify,yetwhichworksbecausethemetaphoricalmeaningremainsclear.移就指的是作为修饰语的形容词与被修饰语没有逻辑关系，但起到了通感的作用。

其特点是把人的感觉沟通用于描摹客观事物形象，表现主观心理感受。

例：

Wespentsleeplessnightsonaproject.（Nightcannotbemodifiedbysleepless）

Shehasexpensivetastesinclothes（Tastescannotbemodifiedbyexpensive）

Therewasashortthoughtfulsilence.

Themomenthesawus,hegaveusasunnysmile.

Thephotorecordedmanyhopefuleyesofthesmallvillage.

Theoldmanputareassuringhandonmyshoulder.

20.Synaesthesia（通感）Synaesthesiareferstothespontaneousassociationofsensationofdifferentkinds.

例：

Theflowerssmellsweet.

Shesaid“Hello”tomewithasweetsmile.

Shehasasoftvoice.

21.Contrast（对比）Contrastisthedissimilarityordifferencebetw