business law相关名词英语解释.docx

business law相关名词英语解释.docx

《business law相关名词英语解释.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《business law相关名词英语解释.docx（9页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

businesslaw相关名词英语解释

internationallaw:

Thebodyofrulesandnormsthatregulatesactivitiescarriedonbeyondthelegalboundariesofasinglestate.

thesourcesofinternationallaw:

Treaties、Conventions、Custom（2basicelements：

Behavioral；Psychological.）、GeneralPrinciples&Others

Comparison:

CivilLawSystemmostlyinfluencedbyRomanLaw、GermanicTribalLaw、CanonLaw&LawMerchant.CommonLawSystemMostlyinfluencedbyCustomaryPracticeoftheCourtsinEngland、RomanLaw、CanonLaw&LawMerchant.History&Distribution.

StateResponsibility:

Theliabilityofastatefortheinjuriesthatitcausestoaliensandforeignbusinesses.

DoctrineofImputability：

Iftheactsaredonebyofficialsofacountrywithintheirapparentauthority,including:

Actswithinthescopeofanofficial’sauthority,Actsoutsidetheirscopeofauthoritywhenthestateprovidesthemeansorfacilitiestoaccomplishtheacts.PS:

Non-imputableActs—Actsofprivatepersons—Actsofofficialsofotherstatesorinternationalorganization—Actsofinsurrectionaries—Stateterrorism.

StandardofCare:

Nationalstandardofcare（ThirdWorldCountries）—Treatingaliensasthesameasnationals.Internationalstandardofcare（MostWesternCountries）-Thestateisresponsibleforinjuringalienswhenitsconductviolatestheinternationalnorms.

Objections:

LackofStanding:

Objectionthatmaybemadetoaninternationaltribunal’sexerciseofjurisdictionwhenaplaintiffisnotqualifiedtobeappearbeforethecourt.

LackofNationality:

Objectionthatmaybemadetoaninternationaltribunal’sexerciseofjurisdictionwhenstatebringingsuitisdongsoonbehalfofapersonwhoisnotanationalofthatstate.

LackofaGenuineLink⑤Others

④FailuretoExhaustRemedies:

Objectionthatmaybemadetoaninternationaltribunal’sexerciseofjurisdictionwhentheprivatepersononwhosebehalfthesuitisbrought,failedtoseekrelieffromdefendantstate.

InvestmentRisks:

Expropriation（bothoutright&creeping）、CurrencyInconvertibility、PoliticalViolence.

Agencies:

Privateinsurers—Nationalinvestmentguaranteeprogram,eg.OPIC—Multilateralinvestmentguaranteeagency,eg.MIGA

DisputeSettlementthroughDiplomacy:

Negotiation:

Theprocessofreachinganagreementbyconferringordiscussing.

Mediation:

Bringingaboutapeacefulsettlementorcompromisebetweenpartiestoadisputethroughthebenevolentinterventionofanimpartialthirdparty.

GoodOffices:

Athirdpartywhoprovidesthemeansbywhichdisputingpartiesmaycommunicatewitheachother.

Conciliation:

Theprocessofanimpartialthirdpartymakesanindependentinvestigationandsuggestsasolutiontoadispute.

Inquiry:

Theprocesswhichanimpartialthirdpartymakesaninvestigationtodeterminethefactsunderlyingthedisputewithoutresolvingthedisputeitself.

DisputeSettlementOrgansofWTO:

DSB\DisputeSettlementPanel\AppellateBody

管辖原则：

incriminalcase

Territorialityprinciple：

Doctrinethatacourthascriminaljurisdictioniftheoffensewascommittedwithintheforumstate.

Nationalityprinciple:

Doctrinethatacourthascriminaljurisdictionifthedefendantisanationaloftheforumstate.

Protectiveprinciple:

Doctrinethatacourthascriminaljurisdictionifthenationalinterestisinjured.

④Universalityprinciple:

Doctrinethatacourthascriminaljurisdictioniftheforumstatehasthedefendantinthecustody.

⑤Passivepersonalityprinciple:

Doctrinethatacourthascriminaljurisdictionifthevictimisanationaloftheforumstate.

Jurisdictionincivilcases（jurisdictionoverperson/property）

Inpersonamjurisdiction:

Thepowerofacourtortribunaltodeterminetherightsofapartywhoappearbeforeit.

Inremjurisdiction:

Thepowerofacourttodeterminetheownershiprightsofpersonsastopropertylocatedwithintheforumstate.

国家免责

Sovereignorstateimmunity:

Doctrinethatmunicipalcourtsmustdeclinetohearsuitsagainstforeignsovereign.

Absolutesovereignimmunity:

Rulesthataforeignstateisimmunefromalltypesofsuits.

Restrictivesovereignimmunity:

Theorythataforeignstateisn’timmunewhenthecauseofactionforasuitisbasedonconductunrelatedtothestate’sgovernmentaldoctrinethattheactofagovernmentwithintheboundariesofitsownterritoryisn’tsubjecttojudicialscrutinyinaforeignmunicipalcourt.Acourtmunicipalcourtwilldeclinetohearadisputebasedonsuchactsiftodosowouldinterferewiththeconductoftheforumstate’sforeignpolicy.

选择法律：

Agreementofparties/Statutorychoice-of-lawprovision/Mostsignificantrelationship

Vestedrightsdoctrine:

Doctrinethatcourtsshouldapplythelawofthestatewheretherightsofthepartieslegallybecomeeffective.

Choice-of-lawclause:

Aprovisioninacontractdesignatingthestatewhosewhoselawwillgoverndisputesrelatingtothecontract.

Mostsignificantrelationship:

Doctrinethatcourtsshouldapplythelawofstatethathastheclosestandmostrealconnectionwithdispute.

Governmentalinterestdoctrine:

Doctrinethatholdsthatcourtsshouldapplythelawofthestatethathasthemostinterestindeterminingtheoutcomeofthedispute.

Forumnonconvenience:

Doctrinethatamunicipalcourtwilldeclinetohearadisputewhenitcanbebetterormoreconvenientheardinaforeigncountries.

商业组织形式：

SoleProprietorship:

abusinessentityestablishedwithitscapitalcontributedbyoneindividualanditsassetsownedpersonallybythesoleproprietor,whoassumesunlimitedliabilitytotheextentofhispersonalassetsCompany:

anassociationofpersonsorofcapitalorganizedforthepurposeofcarryingonacommercial,industrial,orsimilarenterprise

主要商业组织形式：

Partnerships：

APartnershipisacompanyoranassociationofatleast2personswhoco-own&manageabusinessandwhoareeachliabletothefullextentoftheirpersonalassetsforthedebts.Corporations：

ACorporationbothincivillaw&commonlawrefertoanindependentjuridicalentityownedbyitsinvestors-shareholders/memberswhousuallyhavelimitedliabilitiesSoleProprietorship

CharacteristicsofaPartnership:

1）Itisco-owned&managedbyitsinvestors-partners;

2）Itsprofits&lossesaresharedbythepartners;

3）Thepartnershaveunlimitedliabilities

4）Itisnotregardedasajuridicalpersoninmostcountries.

CharacteristicsofaCorporations:

1）Itisownedbyitsinvestors/shareholders/membersinaformofacertainnumberofshares/acertainamountofparticipation,whilemanaged

byprofessionaladministrators

2）Itsprofitsaresharedbytheinvestorsaccordingtotheamountoftheirrespectiveinvestment

3）Theownershavelimitedliability

4）Itisalwaysregardedasajuridicalpersonindependentfromitsowners

ArticleofIncorporation:

thebasicinstrumentcreatinganddefiningaparticularcorporationwhichisfiledwithastateagencyatthetimeofthefirm’sincorporation.

Memorandumofassociation:

aninstrumentcreatinganddescribingthebasicdetailsofaparticularcorporation,whichisfiledwithastateagencyatthetimeofthefirm’sincorporation.

Parshare:

Asharethatmaybesoldbyacompanyforatleastvalue.

Noparshare:

Asharethatmaybesoldbyacompanyforanyvalue.

Classifiedstock；stockthatiscategorizedaccordingtothepersonswhomayownitorbenefitsitgivesitsowner.

Preferredstock:

stocksthatbenefitsitsownersthatordinarystockholdersdon’thave.

Commonstock:

普通股是指在公司的经营管理和盈利及财产的分配上享有普通权利的股份

母国对公司：

unfaircompetitionlaw、productsliabilitylaws、sharppractices

东道国对公司;consenttothejurisdictionofthehoststate\commonenterprisesliability\piercingthecompanyveil

piercingthecompanyveil：

acompanyisaseparatelegalentitywillbesetasideandtheshareholdersofthecompanywillbeheldliableforitsconductasiftheywerepartnersinpartnership.

四种否定子公司独立法人地位的：

thecontrolledcompany\thealteregocompany\undercapitalization\personalassumptionliability

GATT994原则：

nondiscrimination\protectionthroughtariffs\transparency\regionalintegration

TheMost-Favored-NationRule:

最惠国待遇是贸易条约中的一项重要条款，其涵义是：

缔约一方现在和将来给予任何第三方的一切特权、优惠和豁免，也同样给予缔约对方。

其基本要求是使缔约一方在缔约另一方享有不低于任何第三方享有或可能享有的待遇。

TheNationalTreatmentRule:

onceimportedgoodsarewithintheterritoryofastate,thestatemusttreatthosegoodasthedomesticgoods.

DistinctionsfromAD&CVDmeasures:

Natureofunderlyingactivity

ADandCVDcounteract“unfair”tradepractices.Insafeguardcases,thereisnoissueofunfairness

Natureofinjuryvaries

ADandCVDrequireonlymaterialinjury,Safeguardsrequireseriousinjury

Natureofremedy

ADandCVDlimitedtotheamountofdumpingorsubsidization

Safeguardremediesmoreflexible

④Durationofremedy

ADandCVDcanlastforever,althoughtherearereevaluationseveryfiveyears.Safeguardmeasuresusuallyshorterinduration–oftenthreeyearstoavoidneedtocompensate

Exceptions:

general&securityexception

generalexception:

excusesthatallowaWTOmemberstatefromcomplyingwithitsGATTobligationsinorderforthestatetoprotectcertainessentialpublicpolicyobjectives.

securityexception:

excusesthatallowaWTOmemberstatefromcomplyingwithitsGATTobligationswhenthoseareinconflictwithitsessentialsecurityinterestsoritsdutiesundertheUnitedNationsCharter.

Customsvaluation:

transaction/deductive/computed/derivedvalue.

国家外资政策的目的：

promotinglocalproductivityandtechnologicaldevelopment/encouraginglocalparticipation/minimizingforeigncompetitionineconomicareasalreadywellservedbylocalbusinesses/

对外直接投资的限制：

limitationsonbusinessforms（Preference）

limitationsonforeignequity（sectorallimitations/geographiclimitations）

鼓励措施：

guaranteefornationalizationorexpropriationrepatriationguaranteenondiscriminationguarantee④stabilizationguarantee

repatriationguarantee:

th