工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译可编辑.docx

工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译可编辑.docx

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工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译可编辑

工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译

外文翻译

JobSatisfactionIndicatorsandTheirCorrelates

MaterialSource:

AmericanBehavioralscientistAuthor:

StanleyE.Seashore

Conceptionsofjobsatisfactionuntilveryrecentlyhavebeenlargelypsychologicalandindividualisticinorientation.Empiricalstudieshavebeenconfinedtolocalsituationsorspecialpopulationswithinterpretivepurposesreflectingthevaluesofemployedindividualsoroftheirmanagers.However,ifjobsatisfactionmeasuresaretobeusefulinmonitoringthequalityofemploymentonasocietalscale,itwillbenecessarytoenlargetheperspective,toinvokesomesocietalandpoliticalvalues,andtobegintotreatjobsatisfactioninthecontextofalargerarrayofassociatedvariablesThemeasurementofjobsatisfactionasasocialindicatormayhavethreeroles:

1torepresentavaluedproductofsociety-acomponentofthepsychologicalGNP;2toprovideamonitoringanddiagnosticaidfor’earlywarningofsocietaldislocations,policyorprogramfailure,andslowlydevelopingsocietalchanges;and3toprovideasignificantcomponentinthetheoriesandmodelstobeusedintheformulationofsocialpolicyandprograms.Opinionsdifferonhowprominentandhoweffectivejobsatisfactionmeasureswillbeinthesethreeroles.

Theutilityofjobsatisfactionmeasuresrestsonthedevelopmentofmultiplemeasurementmethodsthatarestandardized,suitableforwideuse,andcapableofdetectingpopulationdifferencesandpopulationchanges.Inaddition,theutilityrestsuponthesemeasureshavinganagreedconceptualand“realworld”referenceaswellasaknownmatrixofcausalandconsequentialrelationshipstoothersignificantvariables.Bothrequirementsmustbemetbeforeconvincingproofcanbeadvancedastothepracticalutilityofjobsatisfactionmeasuresforanticipating,understanding,andinfluencingfutureoutcomesofpresentsocietalconditionsThesethemesprovidethestructureforthispaper.Inthenextsection,wegiveanoverviewofthestateoftheartinthemeasurementofjobsatisfaction.Thesectionfollowingthatprovidesanapproachtoorganizing,ormodeling,thecorrelatesofjobsatisfaction.Thefinalsectionsuggestssomeprioritiesforfurtherresearchanddevelopment.

JOBSATISFACTIONINDICATORS

Thissectionsummarizesconsiderationsthatbearuponthechoiceofapproachesandoperationalmethodsformeasuringjobsatisfaction.Weshalllimitthediscussiontoapproachesthatrestupondirectinquirythroughintervieworquestionnairemethodstoproducedatathatcanbeaggregatedtoprovidejobsatisfactionindicatorsforvariouslydefinedpopulations.Weexcludefromdiscussion:

1indirectapproachesthatdrawinferencesaboutjobsatisfactionfrompresumedcausalorconsequentialphenomena;2approachesthatareprimarilyindividualisticanddiagnosticand,therefore,notusuallyapplicableforgeneratingpopulationindicators;and3approachesthathaveutilityprimarilyforempiricalandtheoreticaldiscoveryratherthanforpopulationdescriptionpurposes.

Wefirstreviewthecommonlyusedformsofprimarydata,thensomecommonlyusedderivativejobsatisfactionindicators.Aschemeispresentedtoguidetheevaluationoftheseseveralindicators.Theseareappliedtodrawimplicationsforpreferredfuturemethods.

Throughoutthepaper,exceptwherenoted,wewillusetheterm“jobsatisfaction”inclusivelytoreferalsotodissatisfactionwithoutintendedprejudicewhethersatisfactionanddissatisfactionarebesttreatedaspolaroppositesorastwoconceptuallydifferentvariables.

PRIMARYDATA

Byprimarydatawemeanthe“raw”responsesgivenbyindividualrespondentstoverbalquestionsorcomparablestimuli.Thereappearstobeafixedrosterofbasicformsofprimarydata,eventhoughinnumerablevariationsontheseareknown.Twokindsofprimarydataaredistinguished:

facet-freeandfacet-specific.

Facet-freeprimarydataareobtainedwhentherespondentisaskedtoindicatehisglobalsatisfactionwithhisjobandjobenvironmentwithoutspecifyinginadvancethefacetstobeconsideredorhowtheyaretobecombined.Ineffect,eachrespondentprovidesanetresponsederivedfromhisownsetoffacets,weightedorotherwisecombinedinhisownuniquefashion,withunstatedanduniqueassumptionsnotonlyaboutthecontextforevaluation,butalsoabouthisown“fit”tothejobanditsenvironment,andwiththeenvironmental“reality”definedbyhisownperceptionsandcognitions.Normative,cognitive,andunconsciouselementsintheevaluationareinvited.Thestimulusquestionsareusuallyphrasedornonverballydisplayedwithanintenttoimposethefewestpossibleconstraintsuponhisperceptual,cognitive,andevaluativeprocesses.Severalcomplementarystimulimaybeusedtodiversifytheunavoidableconstraints.

Facet-specificprimarydataareobtainedwhentherespondentisaskedtorepresenthissatisfactionwithrespecttosomespecifiedfacetofhisjoborjobenvironment.Sincethefacetspecificationisneverexhaustiveordefinitive,thedifferencebetweenafacet-freeandafacet-specificinquiryisonlyoneofdegree.Forexample,thequery“Howsatisfiedareyouwithyourpay?

”elicitsanetresponsethatincludesconsiderationofunspecifiedsubfacetsamountofpay,certaintyofpay,rateofincrease,adequacytoneed,andsoforth,unspecified“reality”lastweek’spay,payafterdeductions,payconfidentlyexpectednextyear,andthelike,andunknownperceptual,cognitive,andevaluativeprocesses.Nevertheless,facet-specificmethodsallowtheinquirersomecontrolovertherangeoffacetstobeincludedinhisdata,anaddeddegreeofcomparabilityamongdifferentrespondents,andcloserandmoreconfidentlinkagebetweentheresponseobtainedandthe“reality”ofthejobenvironmentorofthepersonunderinvestigation.Facet-specificqueries,thus,varyintheirspecificity.Inaddition,theytakethefollowingforms:

adirectreportofdegreeofsatisfactionwithfacetsatisfaction;

bamountordegreeoffacetprovidedbyjobisnow;

camountordegreeoffacetrespondentwouldliketohavewouldlike;

damountordegreeoffacetrespondentshouldbeprovidedshouldbe;

eimportanceoffacettorespondentimportance.

Theformsofresponseexistingreatvariety,includingsimplecheck-listor“yes-no”responses,rankordering,scalarresponsese.g.,Likertscales,“faces,”andthelike,andthemorecomplexformssuchas“self-anchoring”scales.Whilethesealternativesinviteusefuldiscussionabouttheirrelativereliability,efficiency,simplicity,itemutility,andconceptualassumptions,suchissueswillnotberaisedhere.Eachalternativeprovidesprimarydatapermittingaggregationforpopulationcomparisonorsocialindicatorpurposes.

DERIVEDDATA

Inthecaseofprimarydatathatrepresentthedirectorimpliedexpressionofjobsatisfaction,socialindicatorsmaybederivedbyasimpleaggregationofprimarydataforindividualsandthenanaggregationofindividualdataforthepopulation.Thisisoftendone,forexample,withrespecttomulti-item,facet-freeprimarydata,andwithprimarydataoftypesaandbabove.However,morecomplexformsofderivativeindexesarecommonlypreferredforvariousreasons.Proceduresforderivingindexesfromprimarydatainclude:

1differentialweightingofitems;2clusteringofitemsintofactorsordimensionsonconceptualorempiricalgrounds;3convertingprimarydatatoderiveddiscrepancyscoresontheoretical,conceptual,orempiricalgroundsbeforeaggregation;4retainingindividualfacetitemdatafordifferentialusesininterpretationoranalysis;5removingsomeuncontrolledresponsevariancebeforeaggregation;and6adjustingprimarydataforknownorpresumedbiasbeforeaggregation.Anyoftheseproceduresmaybeemployedsinglyorincombinationwithothers.Thelastthreeproceduresarerelativelytrivialoratleastnoncontroversialatthepresenttime;thefirstthreearetopicsofcurrentinquiryanddispute.

CORRELATESOFJOBSATISFACTION

Thissectionreviewswhatisknownandwhatshouldbecomeknownwithrespecttothecorrelatesofjobsatisfaction.Therangeofknowncorrelativesisdisplayedinawaythatwillaidtheassessmentofthepotentialroleofjobsatisfactionasoneindicator,amongothers,ofthequalityofemployment.Someexamplesofreportedempiricalcorrelationswillbegivenforillustrativepurposes,butwedonotattempttoreviewandcatalogallpublishedreportsbearingonthematter,nortoprovideevaluationofthevariousempiricalgeneralizationsthathavebeenadvanced.Weshallignoreforthepresentthediversityofconceptandmeasurementofjobsatisfactiontreatedintheprecedingsection.

SOCIALINDICATORSANDINTERPRETATIVEMODELS

Themeaningofanysocialindicatorisfoundinitsassignedroleinsomeconceptionofhowthesociety“works.”Thus,ameasuredchangeinsomeindicator-infantmortalityrate,forexample-isuninterpretableapartfromsomeknownorassumeddynamicstructureofsequentialchangesthatrelatestheobservedchangetocauses,consequences,andmoderatingconceptualfactors.Ideally,oneshouldhaveanempiricallyvalidatedtheory,broadinscope,embracingmultiplecausesandconsequences,capableofaccommodatingadditionalvariablesi.e.,anopensystem,andonethattreatschangesovertimei.e.,adynamictheory.Suchaninterpretivemodelwouldpermittheevaluationofachangeinsomesocialindicatorinseveralusefulways,mostimportantlyinestimatingfutureimplicationsoftheobservedchangeandinidentifyingpossiblesocietalactionstoforestallorcounteractundesirableconsequences.

Withrespecttojobsatisfaction,theredoesnotexistanysuchcomprehens