英译汉全真模拟 passages 1 10+阅读理解全真模拟题.docx
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英译汉全真模拟passages110+阅读理解全真模拟题
第二部分英译汉全真模拟(Passages1—10)
Passage1
Directions:
RoadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.(15points)
71)ThemainimpressiongrowingoutoftwelveyearsonthefacultyofamedicalschoolisthattheNo.1healthproblemintheU.S.today,evenmorethanAIDSorcancer,isthatAmericansdon'tknowhowtothinkabouthealthandillness.Ourreactionsareformedontheterrorlevel.Wefeartheworst,expecttheworst,thusinvitetheworst.Theresultisthatwearebecominganationofweaklingsandhypochondriacs(自疑有病者),aself-medicatingsocietyincapableofdistinguishingbetweencasual,everydaysymptomsandthosethatrequireprofessionalattention.
Somewhereinourearlyeducationwebecomeaddictedtothenotionthatpainmeanssickness.72)Wefailtolearnthatpainisthebody'swayofinformingthemindthatwearedoingsomethingwrong,notnecessarilythatsomethingiswrong.Wedon'tunderstandthatpainmaybetellingusthatweareeatingtoomuchorthewrongthings;orthatwearesmokingtoomuchordrinkingtoomuch;orthatthereistoomuchemotionalcongestioninourlives;orthatwearebeingworndownbyhavingtocopedailywithovercrowdedstreetsandhighways,thepoundingnoiseofgarbagegrinders,orthecosmicdistancebetweentheentrancetotheairportandthedeparturegate,wegetthemessageofpainallwrong.73)Insteadofaddressingourselvestothecause,webecomepushoversforpills,drivingthepainundergroundandinvitingittoreturnwithincreasedauthority.
74)Earlyinlife,too,webecomeseizedwiththebizarreideathatweareconstantlyassaultedbyinvisiblemonsterscalledgerms,andthatwehavetobeonconstantalerttoprotectourselvesagainsttheirfury.Equalemphasis,however,isnotgiventothepresidingfactthatourbodiesaresuperblyequippedtodealwiththelittledemons,andthatthebestwayofforestallinganattackistomaintainasensiblelifestyle.
ThemostsignificantsinglestatementabouthealthtoappearinthemedicaljournalsduringthepastdecadeisbyDr.FranzIngelfinger,thelateandformereditoroftheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.Ingelfingernotedthatalmostallillnessesareself-limiting.Thatis,thehumanbodyiscapableofhandlingthemwithoutoutsideintervention.75)Thethrustofthearticlewasthatweneednotfeelwearehelplessifdiseasetriestotearawayatourbodies,andthatwecanhavegreaterconfidenceintherealityofahealingsystemthatisbeautifullydesignedtomeetmostofitsproblems.Andevenwhenoutsidehelpisrequired,ourownresourceshavesomethingofvaluetoofferinacombinedstrategyoftreatment.
Passage2
Whenofficesareplannedtheattentionpaidtothecorrectuseofspace,andindividualandcompanyneeds,isoftentotallyinadequate.71)Badplanningcanfrustratethemanagerandemployeeandreducetheirlevelofperformance.Thisiswhysomuchresearchhasbeenundertakensincethewarintoeffectiveofficeplanning.
Thereisagrowingrealisationthatinvestmentinpeoplemeansthattheirneedsshouldbethroughlyanalysedandprovidedfor.Ithasencouragedanumberofofficeplanningapproaches.72)Thebestoftheseapproachestakeintoaccountnotjustthephysicalaspectsofabuildingbutthecomplexindividualandgrouprelationshipswhichneedtobeunderstoodbeforeaplanisimplemented.
Aman'spersonalpreferenceisalwaysforhisownseparateoffice.Wherethiscanbeachieveditprovidesprivacyandspecialadvantagesforhim.However,itisquiteuneconomicformostorganisationstoprovidesuchfacilitiesonanythingbutalimitedscale.73)Moreoverthecorporateneedsforgoodcommunications,smoothexchangeofideasandpaperwork,andflexibilitydemandadifferentformofplanning.Preoccupationwithrentalcostshasledinthepasttoopenplanofficeswhichintheworstcircumstancesarelaidoutinsucharegimentedfashionthattheatmosphereistotallyimpersonal.
Nevertheless,costsmustbefacedrealistically.Perhapsthebestbalancebetweentheneedsofmostoftheemployeesandtheneedsofthecompanyaretobefoundinlandscapedoffices.
DevelopedinGermanyinthelate1950s,landscaping,orBurolandschaftasitissometimescalled,seekstoachievegoodcommunicationsandinformationflowbythecorrectjuxtapositionofdepartments.74)Itsaimistoprovideapleasingworkingenvironmentforall,coupledwitheconomicuseofspaceandtheabilityonmanagement'sparttoalterofficelayouttocopewithchangesinworkingmethods.
Ideallyafloorareaofnotlessthan6000sq.ft.isrequired,generallyintheformofasquareorrectanglethesidesofwhichhavearatiooflessthantwotoone.Employeesaregroupedtogetherinclusters,inaccordancewithaplanthattakesintoaccountworkflowanddesirablerelationshipsacrosstraditionalorganisationalbarriers.Suchgroupsareidentifiedandseparatedbymovablescreens.75)Anacceptablegeneralnoiselevelisachievedbycarefulacousticcontroltoprovideauralprivacyandmaskintrusivenoise.
Passage3
Allgreatwritersexpresstheirideasinanindividualway:
itisoftenpossibletodeterminetheauthorshipofaliterarypassagefromthestyleinwhichitiswritten.71)Manyauthorsfeelthattheconventionsofthewrittenlanguagehamperthemandtheyusewordsfreely,withlittleobservanceofacceptedgrammarandsentencestructure,inordertoconveyvividlytheirfeelings,beliefsandfantasies.Otherswithadeeprespectfortraditionalusageachieveastyleofclasicalclearnessandperfectionorachieveeffectsofvisualormusicalbeautybytheirmasteryofexistingformsenrichedbyasensitiveandadventurousvocabulary,vividimageryandablendingofevocativevowelsandconsonants.
Youngpeopleoftenfeeltheneedtoexperimentand,asaresult,tobreakawayfromthetraditionstheyhavebeentaught.Indealingwithaforeignlanguage,however,theyhavetobearinmindtwoconditionsforexperiment.72)Anygreatexperimentalartistisfullyfamiliarwiththeconventionsfromwhichhewishestobreakfree;heiscapableofachievementinestablishedformsbutfeelstheseareinadequatefortheexpressionofhisideas.Inthesecondplace,heisindisputablyanoutstandingartistwhohassomethingoriginaltoexpress;otherwisetheexperimentswillappearpretentious,evenchildish.
Fewstudentscanachievesointimateanunderstandingofaforeignlanguagethattheycanexploreitsresourcesfreelyandexperimentally.Notallfeeltheneedtodoso.73)Andinanycaseexaminationcandidatesneedtobecomethoroughlyacquaintedwithconventionalusageasitisasureknowledgeofacceptedformsthatexaminerslookfor.
ThestudentundertakingaproficiencycourseshouldhavetheabilitytousesimpleEnglishcorrectlytoexpresseverydayfactsandideas.74)Thisabilitytoexpressoneselfinaforeignlanguageonabasisofthinkinginthatlanguagewithoutreferencetoone'sownisessentialatallstagesoflearning.Studentswithextensiveexperienceintranslationwhohavehadlittlepracticeinusingtheforeignlanguagedirectlymust,aboveall,writeverysimplyatfirst,usingonlyeasyconstructionswhichtheyareconvincedarecorrect,forgettingforthetimebeingtheirownlanguageandrigorouslyavoidingtranslatingfromit.
Morecomplexforms,morevariedvocabularyandsentencestructureshouldevolvenaturallyinstepwiththestudent'sincreasingknowledgeofthelanguage.Thestudentintroducesacertainformorconstructiononlywhenheisthoroughlyfamiliarwithitandiscertainthatitisnormallyusedinthisway.Asheachievesadditionalconidence,hecanbegintotakeaninterestintheuseofthelanguagetocreatediverseeffects.Hemaywanttoconveyimpressionsofsuspense,calm,dignity,humour,ofmusicorpoetry.75)Hewillmastertheartoflogicalexplanation,ofexactletterwriting,offormalspeechesandnaturalconversationandofvividimpressionisticdescription.Buthewillstillwritewithinthelimitsofhisabilityandknowledge.And,asalearner,hewillstillbestudyingandobservingconventionalEnglishusageinallthathewrites.
Passage4
Weusuallyassumethataninnatecharacteristicofhumanbeingsisthecloseandimmediateattachmentbetweenthenewbornchildanditsparents,especiallyitsmother.Becauseabandonmentorabuseofchildrenseemstodefysuchbeliefs,wearebaffledbyreportsofwidespreadparentalabuseofchildren.Alookatthepastmayprovideadifferentperspectiveonthepresent.
Accordingtosomescholars,maternalindifferencetoinfantsmayhavebeentypicaloftheMiddleAges.Ariessaysthereisevidencethatinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturiesparentsshowedlittleaffectionfortheirchildren,andEdwardShorterarguesthatthisindifferencewasprobablytypicalamongtheordinarypeopleofWesternEurope,evenintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.71)Thedeathofyoungchildrenseemstohavebeenacceptedcasually,andalthoughovertinfanticidewasfrownedupon,allowingchildrentodiewassometimesencouraged,oratleasttolerated.Forexample,inWesternEuropeitwascommonformotherstoleaveinfantsatfoundlinghospitalsorwithruralwetnurses,bothofwhichresultedinveryhighmortalityrates.72)Whetherthesepracticesweretypicallytheresultofeconomicdesperation,thedifficultyofraisinganout-of-wedlockchild,orlackofattachmenttoaninfantisnotclear,butthefactthatmanywell-to-domarriedwomencasuallychosetogivetheirinfantstowetnurses,despitethehighermortalityrisks,suggeststhatthereasonswerenotalwayseconomicdifficultyorfearofsocialstigma.
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