Materials for paragraph writing.docx
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Materialsforparagraphwriting
Materialsforparagraphwriting
Transitionalexpressions:
1)chronologicalorder(bytime)
soon,eventually,inthemeantime,then,atthesametime,next,thereafter,afteraninterval,now,after,presently,later,afterward,atlast,nowadays,when,before,after,while,during,
between…and…,in____(year),later,earlier,formerly,attheturnofthe…,inthefist(second)
halfofthemonth,atbirth,inchildhood,ininfancy,inadolescence,asanadult,inadulthood,inoldage,atdeath,simultaneously,previous,priorto,intheend,finally
2)spatialorder(byspace)
where,
inwhich,towhich,fromwhich;
under,over,inside,beside,ontopof,
along,through,asfaras,
north,northern,south,southern,…
attheback,infrontof,inthemiddleof,atthebottomof…
adjacent,parallel,correspondingto,parallelto,perpendicularto,
rectangle,semicircle,distance,slope,midpoint,
interior,opposite,surface,
diagonal,overlapping,vertical,edge,pyramid,horizontal,limit,exterior,intersection
3)byprocess
occur,happen,become,grow,takeplace,becarriedout,changeinto…
before,after,until,while,as,once,then,assoonas…
atthispoint,atthesametime,bymeansof,throughtheuseof…
first,second,third,finally…
4)bycomparisonandcontrast
Tocompare:
similarto,similarly,like,alike,likewise,correspondto,correspondingly,as,justas,
inlikemanner,inthesameway,almostthesameas,both…
resemble,have…incommon,beparallelin…
commoncharacteristics,resemblance,similarity
Tocontrast:
differfrom,unlike,incontrastto,onoppositionto,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,but,differentfrom,while…
5)bycauseandeffect
so,thus,consequently,therefore,accordingly,becauseof,forthisreason,owingto,asaresult,since,hence,because,dueto…
asaresultof,as,theresultof,sothat,theeffectof,so…that,theconsequencesof,outof,haveaneffecton,owe…to,thereasonfor,thecauseof,Itfollowsthat..
nowthat,seeingthat,forfearthat,such…that,soas…to,make…possible,makeitpossible/impossiblefor…to…
6)byclassification
mainkindsof,majorkindsof,basickinds
kinds,types,divisions,categories,parts,classifications,aspects,qualities,classes
divide,classify,fallinto…categories,canbedividedinto…classes
7)bydefinition
define,explain,clarify,paraphrase
indefinition,inotherwords,inclarification,inexplanation,inclarification
Examplesofparagraphs:
Paragraph1:
Anexampleofreferringkeywordsinprecedingsentence:
BicyclinginAmericahasgrownatanexplosiverate.Bicyclesusedtobesoldtoparentsfortheirchildren.Nowthosesameparentsarebuyingthemforthemselves,aswellasfortheirchildren.Youngexecutivesridebikestoworktostayoutoftrafficjams.Youngmothersarefindingitawaytodotheirshoppingwithoutcompetingforaparkingplaceattheshoppingcenter.Universitystudentsandhighschoolstudentsfindcyclinganeconomicalalternativetocarsandbuses.Andevengrandmaandgrandpaenjoypeddlingtopicnicandbarbecues.
Paragraph2:
Anexampleofdevelopingparagraphbyspace:
Mydormitoryroomissmallandcrowded.Thedarkgreenwallsanddirtywhiteceilingmakeheroomseemdim,andthusevensmallerthanitis.Asyouwalkintotheroom,youarestoppedshortbymybed,whichfillshalfoftheroom.Thetwolargewindowsoverthebedarehiddenbyheavydarkdrapes(布帘).Againstthewallonyourleft,pushedintoacornerbehindtheheadofthebed,isalargebookcasethatiscrammedwithpapers,booksandknickknacks(装饰性的小东西).Wedged(挤进,嵌进)inbetweenthebookcaseandthewalloppositethebedisasmallgreymetaldesk.Ithasabrownwoodenchairthatseemstofilltheleftendoftheroom.Stuffed(塞满)underthedeskisawovenwastepaperbasketoverflowing(溢出,溢满)withpaperanddebris(碎片).Thewallabovethebookcaseanddeskiscompletelytakenupwithtwosmallposters.Ontherighthandsideoftheroomisanarrowclosetwithclothes,shoes,hats,tennisracquets(网球拍),andboxesbulging(凸出)outofitsslidingdoors(滑动门).EverytimeIwalkoutofthedoor,Ithink,“NowIknowwhatitisliketoliveinacloset.”
Paragraph3:
Anexampleofdevelopingparagraphbyprocess:
Onceyouencounterapersonwhohasstoppedbreathing,youshouldbeginimmediatelytodomouth-to-mouthbreathing.First,placethevictimonhisbackandremoveanyforeignmatterfromhismouthwithyourfingers.Thentilthisheadbackwards,sothathischinispointingup.Next,pullhismouthopenandhisjawforward,pinchhisnostrilsshuttopreventtheairwhichyoublowintohismouthfromescapingthroughhisnose.Thenplaceyourmouthtightlyoverthevictim’s.Blowintohismouthuntilyouseehischestrise.Thenturnyourheadtothesideandlistenfortheoutrushofairwhichindicatesanairexchange.Repeattheprocess.
Paragraph4:
Anexampleofdevelopingparagraphbycomparison:
(analternatingcomparison)
TraditionalChineseeducationwas,insomerespects,verysimilartothatofAthensinitsbestdays.AthenianboysweremadetolearnHomerbyheartfrombeginningtoend;ChineseboysweremadetolearntheConfucianclassicswithsimilarthoroughness.Atheniansweretaughtakindofrespectforthegodswhichconsistedinout-worldceremoniesandplacednobarrierinthewayoffreeintellectualthinking.Similarly,theChineseweretaughtcertainrites(仪式)connectedwithAncestor-worship,butwerebynomeansobligedtohavethebeliefsthatriteswouldseemtoimply.
Paragraph5:
Anexampleofdevelopingparagraphbycontrast:
(analternatingcontrast)
JohnandAdamaredifferentinthreeways.First,Johnstudiesalot.HewantstogetallA’s.Otherwisehewouldn’tbeadmittedtomedicalschoolwhenheleavesschool.Ontheotherhand,Adamrarelystudies.HejustwantsaB.A.Second,Johnneverhastimeforsports.Hedoesn’thavetimetoplay.However,hesometimeswatchesagame.Incontrast,Adamspendsmostofhistimeplayingfootballorbasketball.Third,Johndoesn’tlikeparties.Afterall,theyusuallylastuntil2:
00a.m.Andheneedslotsofsleep.ButAdamlovesparties.Hegetstobedverylate.Forsomereason,hedoesn’tseemtoneedasmuchsleepasJohndoes.Inspiteoftheirdifferences,JohnandAdamaregoodfriends.
Paragraph6:
Anexampleofdevelopingparagraphbycomparison:
(ablockcomparison)
AlthoughUlyssesS.GrantandRobertE.LeewerefierceadversariesduringtheCivilWar,theirlives,bothmilitaryandnonmilitary,hadagreatdealincommon.GrantdescendedfromafamilywhosemembersparticipatedintheAmericanRevolution.HereceivedhiscommissionofsecondlieutenantfromWestPointandservedintheSpanish–AmericanWar.HewaslatersummonedbyPresidentLincolntoassumecommandoftheUnionForcesduringtheCivilWar.AftertheCivilWar,Grantsufferedfinancialproblemsandwasforcedtodeclarebankruptcy.LeealsodescendedformafamilywhichengagedintheAmericanRevolution.He,too,receivedhiscommissionfromWestPointandlaterfoughtinMexicoduringtheSpanish-AmericanWar.HisfameasamilitarystrategistduringtheCivilWar,whenhewascommanderoftheConfederatearmies,iswellknown.Althoughitisnotalwayspointedoutbyhistorians,he,likeGrant,hadfinancialdifficultiesaftertheCivilWarandwascompelledtodeclarebankruptcy.BysecuringapostaspresidentofWashingtonCollege,hewasabletoavoidadditionalpoverty.
Paragraph7:
Aparagraphanalyzingtwocauses
Whyprohibitionofspirits,beer,andwhitewinedidnotwork?
Because,lawornolaw,millionsofpeoplestilllikedtodrinkalcohol.Andtheywerewillingtotakeriskstogetit.Theywerenotabouttochangetheirtastesandhabitsjustbecauseofachangeinthelaw.(reason1)Andgangsofsmugglersmadeiteasytobuyanillegaldrink---ortwoorthree.TheysmuggledmillionsofgallonsoftheoutlawedbeveragesacrosstheCanadianandMexicanbordersduringtheprohibitionera.DrinkerswereluckytoknowofanillegalbarthatservedMexicanorCanadianliquor.(reason2)
Paragraph8:
Aparagraphanalyzingonecause
Onemightwonderwhy,aftertheNormanConquest,Frenchdidnotbecomethenationallanguage,replacingEnglishentirely.Thereasonisthattheconquestwasnotanationalmigration,astheearlierAnglo-Saxoninvasionhadbeen.(thereason)GreatnumbersofNormanscametoEngland,buttheycameasrulersandlandlords.Frenchbecamethelanguageofthecourt,thelanguageofthenobility,thelanguageofpolitesociety,thelanguageofliterature.ButitdidnotreplaceEnglishasthelanguageofthepeople.TheremustalwayshavebeenhundredsoftownsandvillagesinwhichFrenchwasneverheardexceptwhenvisitorsofhighstationpassedthrough.(furtherexplanation)
Paragraph9:
Aparagraphanalyzingeffects:
ArecentcensusreportedthattheAmericanpopulationisrapidlygettingolder.Theagingofthenationwillbringaboutseriouseffects.Themostobviouseffectisperhapsaneconomicone:
howwillthecountrybearthecostofcaringfortoomanyoldpeople?
Theoldareconsiderablymoreexpensivetomaintain.Theynowlivemainlyathomeandneedmoreservices,andmedicalcostsatpresentarealmosttwicethebillforpeopleunder65.Tosupporttheold,thesocial-securitysystemalreadypaysmorethanitreceives,andwithinamatteroffouryears,itwillnotbeabletohelptheretired.Then,tokeepthesystemgoing,workingAmericanswillsimplyhavetoworkharderandreceivelesspay.Butthereisadanger:
theyoungmayrefusetocontributewhentheburdengetstooheavy.Inthatcase,thesystemwillhavetoallowtheelderlytow