Materials for paragraph writing.docx

1、Materials for paragraph writingMaterials for paragraph writingTransitional expressions:1) chronological order (by time)soon, eventually, in the meantime, then, at the same time, next, thereafter, after an interval, now, after, presently, later, afterward, at last, nowadays, when, before, after, whil

2、e, during ,between and, in_ (year), later, earlier, formerly, at the turn of the , in the fist (second)half of the month, at birth, in childhood, in infancy, in adolescence, as an adult, in adulthood, in old age, at death, simultaneously, previous, prior to, in the end, finally2) spatial order (by s

3、pace)where, in which, to which, from which;under, over, inside, beside, on top of,along, through, as far as, north, northern, south, southern, at the back, in front of, in the middle of, at the bottom ofadjacent, parallel, corresponding to, parallel to, perpendicular to,rectangle, semicircle, distan

4、ce, slope, midpoint, interior, opposite, surface,diagonal, overlapping, vertical, edge, pyramid, horizontal, limit, exterior, intersection3) by processoccur, happen, become, grow, take place, be carried out, change intobefore, after, until, while, as, once, then, as soon asat this point, at the same

5、 time, by means of, through the use offirst, second, third, finally 4) by comparison and contrastTo compare:similar to, similarly, like, alike, likewise, correspond to, correspondingly, as, just as, in like manner, in the same way, almost the same as, bothresemble, havein common, be parallel incommo

6、n characteristics, resemblance, similarityTo contrast:differ from, unlike, in contrast to, on opposition to, on the contrary, on the other hand, but, different from, while5) by cause and effectso, thus, consequently, therefore, accordingly, because of, for this reason, owing to, as a result, since,

7、hence, because, due toas a result of, as, the result of, so that, the effect of, sothat, the consequences of , out of, have an effect on, oweto, the reason for, the cause of, It follows that.now that, seeing that, for fear that, suchthat, so asto, makepossible, make it possible/impossible forto6) by

8、 classificationmain kinds of, major kinds of, basic kindskinds, types, divisions, categories, parts, classifications, aspects, qualities, classesdivide, classify, fall intocategories, can be divided intoclasses7) by definitiondefine, explain, clarify, paraphrasein definition, in other words, in clar

9、ification, in explanation, in clarificationExamples of paragraphs:Paragraph 1: An example of referring key words in preceding sentence: Bicycling in America has grown at an explosive rate. Bicycles used to be sold to parents for their children. Now those same parents are buying them for themselves,

10、as well as for their children. Young executives ride bikes to work to stay out of traffic jams. Young mothers are finding it a way to do their shopping without competing for a parking place at the shopping center. University students and high school students find cycling an economical alternative to

11、 cars and buses. And even grandma and grandpa enjoy peddling to picnic and barbecues.Paragraph 2: An example of developing paragraph by space:My dormitory room is small and crowded. The dark green walls and dirty white ceiling make he room seem dim, and thus even smaller than it is. As you walk into

12、 the room, you are stopped short by my bed, which fills half of the room. The two large windows over the bed are hidden by heavy dark drapes(布帘). Against the wall on your left, pushed into a corner behind the head of the bed, is a large bookcase that is crammed with papers, books and knickknacks (装饰

13、性的小东西). Wedged(挤进，嵌进) in between the bookcase and the wall opposite the bed is a small grey metal desk. It has a brown wooden chair that seems to fill the left end of the room. Stuffed（塞满） under the desk is a woven wastepaper basket overflowing（溢出，溢满） with paper and debris (碎片). The wall above the b

14、ookcase and desk is completely taken up with two small posters. On the right hand side of the room is a narrow closet with clothes, shoes, hats, tennis racquets（网球拍）, and boxes bulging (凸出) out of its sliding doors(滑动门). Every time I walk out of the door, I think, “Now I know what it is like to live

15、 in a closet.”Paragraph 3: An example of developing paragraph by process: Once you encounter a person who has stopped breathing, you should begin immediately to do mouth-to-mouth breathing. First, place the victim on his back and remove any foreign matter from his mouth with your fingers. Then tilt

16、his head backwards, so that his chin is pointing up. Next, pull his mouth open and his jaw forward, pinch his nostrils shut to prevent the air which you blow into his mouth from escaping through his nose. Then place your mouth tightly over the victims. Blow into his mouth until you see his chest ris

17、e. Then turn your head to the side and listen for the out rush of air which indicates an air exchange. Repeat the process. Paragraph 4: An example of developing paragraph by comparison: (an alternating comparison) Traditional Chinese education was, in some respects, very similar to that of Athens in

18、 its best days. Athenian boys were made to learn Homer by heart from beginning to end; Chinese boys were made to learn the Confucian classics with similar thoroughness. Athenians were taught a kind of respect for the gods which consisted in out-world ceremonies and placed no barrier in the way of fr

19、ee intellectual thinking. Similarly, the Chinese were taught certain rites（仪式） connected with Ancestor-worship, but were by no means obliged to have the beliefs that rites would seem to imply. Paragraph 5: An example of developing paragraph by contrast：（an alternating contrast） John and Adam are dif

20、ferent in three ways. First, John studies a lot. He wants to get all As. Otherwise he wouldnt be admitted to medical school when he leaves school. On the other hand, Adam rarely studies. He just wants a B. A. Second, John never has time for sports. He doesnt have time to play. However, he sometimes

21、watches a game. In contrast, Adam spends most of his time playing football or basketball. Third, John doesnt like parties. After all, they usually last until 2:00 a.m. And he needs lots of sleep. But Adam loves parties. He gets to bed very late. For some reason, he doesnt seem to need as much sleep

22、as John does. In spite of their differences, John and Adam are good friends.Paragraph 6: An example of developing paragraph by comparison：（a block comparison） Although Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee were fierce adversaries during the Civil War, their lives, both military and nonmilitary, had a g

23、reat deal in common. Grant descended from a family whose members participated in the American Revolution. He received his commission of second lieutenant from West Point and served in the Spanish American War. He was later summoned by President Lincoln to assume command of the Union Forces during th

24、e Civil War. After the Civil War, Grant suffered financial problems and was forced to declare bankruptcy. Lee also descended form a family which engaged in the American Revolution. He, too, received his commission from West Point and later fought in Mexico during the Spanish-American War. His fame a

25、s a military strategist during the Civil War, when he was commander of the Confederate armies, is well known. Although it is not always pointed out by historians, he, like Grant, had financial difficulties after the Civil War and was compelled to declare bankruptcy. By securing a post as president o

26、f Washington College, he was able to avoid additional poverty. Paragraph 7: A paragraph analyzing two causes Why prohibition of spirits, beer, and white wine did not work? Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They wer

27、e not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. (reason 1)And gangs of smugglers made it easy to buy an illegal drink-or two or three. They smuggled millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders during the prohibition era. Dr

28、inkers were lucky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. (reason 2)Paragraph 8: A paragraph analyzing one cause One might wonder why, after the Norman Conquest, French did not become the national language, replacing English entirely. The reason is that the conquest was not

29、 a national migration, as the earlier Anglo-Saxon invasion had been. (the reason) Great numbers of Normans came to England, but they came as rulers and landlords. French became the language of the court, the language of the nobility, the language of polite society, the language of literature. But it

30、 did not replace English as the language of the people. There must always have been hundreds of towns and villages in which French was never heard except when visitors of high station passed through. (further explanation)Paragraph 9: A paragraph analyzing effects:A recent census reported that the Am

31、erican population is rapidly getting older. The aging of the nation will bring about serious effects. The most obvious effect is perhaps an economic one: how will the country bear the cost of caring for too many old people? The old are considerably more expensive to maintain. They now live mainly at

32、 home and need more services, and medical costs at present are almost twice the bill for people under 65. To support the old, the social-security system already pays more than it receives, and within a matter of four years, it will not be able to help the retired. Then, to keep the system going, working Americans will simply have to work harder and receive less pay. But there is a danger: the young may refuse to contribute when the burden gets too heavy. In that case, the system will have to allow the elderly to w