《共产党宣言》英文加注释.docx

《共产党宣言》英文加注释.docx

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《共产党宣言》英文加注释

《共产党宣言》英文加注释

Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsociety（hitherto为副词，指“迄今为止”，修饰形容词existing，表示“迄今为止仍然存在的”。

我们现在的这个社会已经存在了几千年，至今仍然存在，所以，句中society用单数。

）isthehistoryofclassstruggles.

Freemanandslave,patricianandplebian,lordandserf,guild-masterandjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight（an…fight这里的不定冠词不是指“一次”，而是指“一种斗争”。

这里将所有的阶级斗争视为一体。

后面的同位语afight也是指“一种斗争”。

）,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryreconstitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendingclasses.

Intheearlierepochsofhistory,wefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementofsocietyintovariousorders,amanifoldgradationofsocialrank.InancientRomewehavepatricians,knights,plebians,slaves;intheMiddleAges,feudallords,vassals,guild-masters,journeymen,apprentices,serfs;inalmostalloftheseclasses,again,subordinategradations.（此句为省略句。

本句的主语和谓语与分号前的相同，都是wehave，故省去。

）

Themodernbourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheruinsoffeudalsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithclassantagonisms.Ithasbutestablishednewclasses,newconditionsofoppression,newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones.

Ourepoch,theepochofthebourgeoisie,possesses,however,thisdistinctfeature:

ithassimplifiedclassantagonisms.Societyasawholeismoreandmoresplittingupintotwogreathostilecamps,intotwogreatclassesdirectlyfacingeachother--bourgeoisieandproletariat.

FromtheserfsoftheMiddleAgessprangthecharteredburghersoftheearliesttowns.Fromtheseburgessesthefirstelementsofthebourgeoisieweredeveloped.

ThediscoveryofAmerica,theroundingoftheCape（theCape指“开普敦港”，即，THECAPETOWN，位于非洲最南端。

要绕道非洲航行，必经此地。

）,openedupfreshgroundfortherisingbourgeoisie.TheEast-IndianandChinesemarkets,thecolonizationofAmerica,tradewiththecolonies,theincreaseinthemeansofexchangeandincommoditiesgenerally,gavetocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry,animpulseneverbeforeknown,andthereby,to（gaveanimpulseto指“”推动或促进“。

注意：

此句将三个介词短语tocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry提前，置于宾语animpulse之前，因为宾语带有后置定语neverbeforeknown。

）therevolutionaryelementinthetotteringfeudalsociety,arapiddevelopment.

Thefeudalsystemofindustry,inwhichindustrialproductionwasmonopolizedbyclosedguilds,nownolongersufficesforthegrowingwantsofthenewmarkets.Themanufacturingsystemtookitsplace.Theguild-masterswerepushedasidebythemanufacturingmiddleclass;divisionoflaborbetweenthedifferentcorporateguildsvanishedinthefaceofdivisionoflaborineachsingleworkshop.

Meantime,themarketskeptevergrowing；thedemandeverrising.（此句由两个并列主句构成。

第二个主句为省略句，省去了谓语动词kept。

补充完整这个主句应该是：

thedemandkeptevergrowing.Ever是副词，修饰动名词growing.）Evenmanufacturersnolongersufficed.Thereupon,steamandmachineryrevolutionizedindustrialproduction.Theplaceofmanufacturewastakenbythegiant,MODERNINDUSTRY;theplaceoftheindustrialmiddleclassbyindustrialmillionaires,theleadersofthewholeindustrialarmies,themodernbourgeois.

Modernindustryhasestablishedtheworldmarket,forwhichthediscoveryofAmericapavedtheway.Thismarkethasgivenanimmensedevelopmenttocommerce,tonavigation,tocommunicationbyland.Thisdevelopmenthas,inturn,reactedontheextensionofindustry;andinproportionasindustry,commerce,navigation,railwaysextended,inthesameproportionthebourgeoisiedeveloped,increaseditscapital,andpushedintothebackgroundeveryclasshandeddownfromtheMiddleAges.（intothebackground是地点状语。

宾语everyclass被放在此状语之后，因为宾语带有一个较长的后置定语handeddownfromtheMiddleAges.）

Wesee,therefore,how（how是关系副词，引导一个宾语从句。

它在宾语从句中用作状语，表示方式。

）themodernbourgeoisieisitselftheproductofalongcourseofdevelopment,ofaseriesofrevolutionsinthemodesofproductionandofexchange.

Eachstepinthedevelopmentofthebourgeoisiewasaccompaniedbyacorrespondingpoliticaladvanceinthatclass.Anoppressedclassundertheswayofthefeudalnobility,anarmedandself-governingassociationofmedievalcommune:

hereindependenturbanrepublic（asinItalyandGermany）;theretaxable"thirdestate"ofthemonarchy（asinFrance）;afterward,intheperiodofmanufacturingproper,servingeitherthesemi-feudalortheabsolutemonarchyasacounterpoiseagainstthenobility,and,infact,cornerstoneofthegreatmonarchiesingeneral--thebourgeoisiehasatlast,sincetheestablishmentofModernIndustryandoftheworldmarket,conqueredforitself,inthemodernrepresentativestate,exclusivepoliticalsway.（此句很长，主语是thebourgeoisie，谓语动词是hasconquered，宾语是exclusivepoliticalsway。

前面的五个名词短语Anoppressedclass，an...association，independent...public，"thirdestate"和cornerstone作游离定语，修饰主语thebourgeoisie。

）Theexecutiveofthemodernstateisbutacommitteeformanagingthecommonaffairsofthewholebourgeoisie.

Thebourgeoisie,historically,hasplayedamostrevolutionarypart.

Thebourgeoisie,whereverithasgottheupperhand（此句为地点状语从句，由关系副词wherever引导出来。

gottheupperhand意思是“得到支配权或占优势”。

）,hasputanendtoallfeudal,patriarchal,idyllicrelations.Ithaspitilesslytornasunderthemotleyfeudaltiesthatboundmantohis"naturalsuperiors",andhasleftnoothernexusbetweenpeoplethannakedself-interest,thancallous"cashpayment".Ithasdrownedoutthemostheavenlyecstaciesofreligiousfervor,ofchivalrousenthusiasm,ofphilistinesentimentalism,intheicywaterofegotisticalcalculation.Ithasresolvedpersonalworthintoexchangevalue,andinplaceofthenumberlessindefeasiblecharteredfreedoms,hassetupthatsingle,unconscionablefreedom--FreeTrade.Inoneword,forexploitation,veiledbyreligiousandpoliticalillusions,ithassubstitutednaked,shameless,direct,brutalexploitation.

Thebourgeoisiehasstrippedofitshaloeveryoccupationhithertohonoredandlookeduptowithreverentawe.Ithasconvertedthephysician,thelawyer,thepriest,thepoet,themanofscience,intoitspaidwagelaborers.

Thebourgeoisiehastornawayfromthefamilyitssentimentalveil,andhasreducedthefamilyrelationintoameremoneyrelation.

ThebourgeoisiehasdisclosedhowitcametopassthatthebrutaldisplayofvigorintheMiddleAges,whichreactionariessomuchadmire,founditsfittingcomplementinthemostslothfulindolence.（注意代词it的使用。

本句中it指“资产阶级”，后面的its不是指“资产阶级的”，而意思是“展示匹夫之勇时的”。

）Ithasbeenthefirsttoshowwhatman'sactivitycanbringabout（what是关系代词，在句中具有双重功能：

做关系词，引导出一个宾语从句；在宾语从句中，作谓语动词bringabout的宾语。

）.IthasaccomplishedwondersfarsurpassingEgyptianpyramids,Romanaqueducts,andGothiccathedrals;ithasconductedexpeditionsthatputintheshadeallformerexodusesofnationsandcrusades.

Thebourgeoisiecannotexistwithoutconstantlyrevolutionizingtheinstrumentsofproduction,andtherebytherelationsofproduction,andwiththem（them指前面的therelationsofproduction生产关系。

注意本句的由小而大的递进关系：

生产工具theinstrumentsofproduction,生产关系therelationsofproduction，社会关系thewholerelationsofsociety.）thewholerelationsofsociety.Conservationoftheoldmodesofproductioninunalteredform,was,onthecontrary,thefirstconditionofexistenceforallearlierindustrialclasses.Constantrevolutionizingofproduction,uninterrupteddisturbanceofallsocialconditions,everlastinguncertaintyandagitationdistinguishthebourgeoisepochfromallearlierones.Allfixed,fastfrozenrelations,withtheirtrainofancientandvenerableprejudicesandopinions,aresweptaway,allnew-formedonesbecomeantiquatedbeforetheycanossify.Allthatissolidmeltsintoair,allthatisholyisprofaned,andmanisatlastcompelledtofacewithsobersenseshisrealconditionoflifeandhisrelationswithhiskind.

Theneedofaconstantlyexpandingmarketforitsproductschasesthebourgeoisieovertheentiresurfaceoftheglobe.Itmustnestleeverywhere,settleeverywhere,establishconnectionseverywhere.

Thebourgeoisiehas,throughitsexploitationoftheworldmarket,givenacosmopolitancharactertoproductionandconsumptionineverycountry.Tothegreatchagrinofreactionaries,ithasdrawnfromunderthefeetofindustrythenationalgroundonwhichitstood.Allold-establishednationalindustrieshavebeendestroyedoraredailybeingdestroyed.Theyaredislodgedbynewindustries,whoseintroductionbecomesalifeanddeathquestionforallcivilizednations,byindustries（本句中，有两个由by引导的状语。

第二个industries与第一个industries同位，都指前面的newindustries。

）thatnolongerworkupindigenousrawmaterial,butrawmaterialdrawnfromtheremotestzones;industrieswhoseproductsareconsumed,notonlyathome,butineveryquarteroftheglobe.Inplaceoftheoldwants,satisfiedbytheproductionofthecountry,wefindnewwants,requiringfortheirsatisfactiontheproductsofdistantlandsandclimes.Inplaceoftheoldlocalandnationalseclusionandself-sufficiency,wehaveintercourseineverydirection,universalinter-dependenceofnations（本句有两个宾语intercourse和inter-dependence，两个宾语由逗号连接。

）.Andasinmaterial,soalsoinintellectualproduction.Theintellectualcreationsofindividualnationsbecomecommonproperty.Nationalone-sidednessandnarrow-mindednessbecomemoreandmoreimpossible,andfromthenumerousnationalandlocalliteratures,therearisesaworldliterature.（therearises为thereis的变体。

其中there为引导词，真正的主语是放在后面，是aworldliterature.类似的变体再比如：

Long,longagotherelivedanoldmanwhohadthreedaughters.很久很久以前，有一个老人，他有三个女儿。

/Inhisopinion,thereseemedtobethispossibility.在他看来，似乎有这种可能。

）

Thebourgeoisie,bytherapidimprovementofallinstrumentsofproduction,bytheimmenselyf