《共产党宣言》英文加注释.docx
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《共产党宣言》英文加注释
《共产党宣言》英文加注释
Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsociety(hitherto为副词,指“迄今为止”,修饰形容词existing,表示“迄今为止仍然存在的”。
我们现在的这个社会已经存在了几千年,至今仍然存在,所以,句中society用单数。
)isthehistoryofclassstruggles.
Freemanandslave,patricianandplebian,lordandserf,guild-masterandjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight(an…fight这里的不定冠词不是指“一次”,而是指“一种斗争”。
这里将所有的阶级斗争视为一体。
后面的同位语afight也是指“一种斗争”。
),afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryreconstitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendingclasses.
Intheearlierepochsofhistory,wefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementofsocietyintovariousorders,amanifoldgradationofsocialrank.InancientRomewehavepatricians,knights,plebians,slaves;intheMiddleAges,feudallords,vassals,guild-masters,journeymen,apprentices,serfs;inalmostalloftheseclasses,again,subordinategradations.(此句为省略句。
本句的主语和谓语与分号前的相同,都是wehave,故省去。
)
Themodernbourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheruinsoffeudalsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithclassantagonisms.Ithasbutestablishednewclasses,newconditionsofoppression,newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones.
Ourepoch,theepochofthebourgeoisie,possesses,however,thisdistinctfeature:
ithassimplifiedclassantagonisms.Societyasawholeismoreandmoresplittingupintotwogreathostilecamps,intotwogreatclassesdirectlyfacingeachother--bourgeoisieandproletariat.
FromtheserfsoftheMiddleAgessprangthecharteredburghersoftheearliesttowns.Fromtheseburgessesthefirstelementsofthebourgeoisieweredeveloped.
ThediscoveryofAmerica,theroundingoftheCape(theCape指“开普敦港”,即,THECAPETOWN,位于非洲最南端。
要绕道非洲航行,必经此地。
),openedupfreshgroundfortherisingbourgeoisie.TheEast-IndianandChinesemarkets,thecolonizationofAmerica,tradewiththecolonies,theincreaseinthemeansofexchangeandincommoditiesgenerally,gavetocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry,animpulseneverbeforeknown,andthereby,to(gaveanimpulseto指“”推动或促进“。
注意:
此句将三个介词短语tocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry提前,置于宾语animpulse之前,因为宾语带有后置定语neverbeforeknown。
)therevolutionaryelementinthetotteringfeudalsociety,arapiddevelopment.
Thefeudalsystemofindustry,inwhichindustrialproductionwasmonopolizedbyclosedguilds,nownolongersufficesforthegrowingwantsofthenewmarkets.Themanufacturingsystemtookitsplace.Theguild-masterswerepushedasidebythemanufacturingmiddleclass;divisionoflaborbetweenthedifferentcorporateguildsvanishedinthefaceofdivisionoflaborineachsingleworkshop.
Meantime,themarketskeptevergrowing;thedemandeverrising.(此句由两个并列主句构成。
第二个主句为省略句,省去了谓语动词kept。
补充完整这个主句应该是:
thedemandkeptevergrowing.Ever是副词,修饰动名词growing.)Evenmanufacturersnolongersufficed.Thereupon,steamandmachineryrevolutionizedindustrialproduction.Theplaceofmanufacturewastakenbythegiant,MODERNINDUSTRY;theplaceoftheindustrialmiddleclassbyindustrialmillionaires,theleadersofthewholeindustrialarmies,themodernbourgeois.
Modernindustryhasestablishedtheworldmarket,forwhichthediscoveryofAmericapavedtheway.Thismarkethasgivenanimmensedevelopmenttocommerce,tonavigation,tocommunicationbyland.Thisdevelopmenthas,inturn,reactedontheextensionofindustry;andinproportionasindustry,commerce,navigation,railwaysextended,inthesameproportionthebourgeoisiedeveloped,increaseditscapital,andpushedintothebackgroundeveryclasshandeddownfromtheMiddleAges.(intothebackground是地点状语。
宾语everyclass被放在此状语之后,因为宾语带有一个较长的后置定语handeddownfromtheMiddleAges.)
Wesee,therefore,how(how是关系副词,引导一个宾语从句。
它在宾语从句中用作状语,表示方式。
)themodernbourgeoisieisitselftheproductofalongcourseofdevelopment,ofaseriesofrevolutionsinthemodesofproductionandofexchange.
Eachstepinthedevelopmentofthebourgeoisiewasaccompaniedbyacorrespondingpoliticaladvanceinthatclass.Anoppressedclassundertheswayofthefeudalnobility,anarmedandself-governingassociationofmedievalcommune:
hereindependenturbanrepublic(asinItalyandGermany);theretaxable"thirdestate"ofthemonarchy(asinFrance);afterward,intheperiodofmanufacturingproper,servingeitherthesemi-feudalortheabsolutemonarchyasacounterpoiseagainstthenobility,and,infact,cornerstoneofthegreatmonarchiesingeneral--thebourgeoisiehasatlast,sincetheestablishmentofModernIndustryandoftheworldmarket,conqueredforitself,inthemodernrepresentativestate,exclusivepoliticalsway.(此句很长,主语是thebourgeoisie,谓语动词是hasconquered,宾语是exclusivepoliticalsway。
前面的五个名词短语Anoppressedclass,an...association,independent...public,"thirdestate"和cornerstone作游离定语,修饰主语thebourgeoisie。
)Theexecutiveofthemodernstateisbutacommitteeformanagingthecommonaffairsofthewholebourgeoisie.
Thebourgeoisie,historically,hasplayedamostrevolutionarypart.
Thebourgeoisie,whereverithasgottheupperhand(此句为地点状语从句,由关系副词wherever引导出来。
gottheupperhand意思是“得到支配权或占优势”。
),hasputanendtoallfeudal,patriarchal,idyllicrelations.Ithaspitilesslytornasunderthemotleyfeudaltiesthatboundmantohis"naturalsuperiors",andhasleftnoothernexusbetweenpeoplethannakedself-interest,thancallous"cashpayment".Ithasdrownedoutthemostheavenlyecstaciesofreligiousfervor,ofchivalrousenthusiasm,ofphilistinesentimentalism,intheicywaterofegotisticalcalculation.Ithasresolvedpersonalworthintoexchangevalue,andinplaceofthenumberlessindefeasiblecharteredfreedoms,hassetupthatsingle,unconscionablefreedom--FreeTrade.Inoneword,forexploitation,veiledbyreligiousandpoliticalillusions,ithassubstitutednaked,shameless,direct,brutalexploitation.
Thebourgeoisiehasstrippedofitshaloeveryoccupationhithertohonoredandlookeduptowithreverentawe.Ithasconvertedthephysician,thelawyer,thepriest,thepoet,themanofscience,intoitspaidwagelaborers.
Thebourgeoisiehastornawayfromthefamilyitssentimentalveil,andhasreducedthefamilyrelationintoameremoneyrelation.
ThebourgeoisiehasdisclosedhowitcametopassthatthebrutaldisplayofvigorintheMiddleAges,whichreactionariessomuchadmire,founditsfittingcomplementinthemostslothfulindolence.(注意代词it的使用。
本句中it指“资产阶级”,后面的its不是指“资产阶级的”,而意思是“展示匹夫之勇时的”。
)Ithasbeenthefirsttoshowwhatman'sactivitycanbringabout(what是关系代词,在句中具有双重功能:
做关系词,引导出一个宾语从句;在宾语从句中,作谓语动词bringabout的宾语。
).IthasaccomplishedwondersfarsurpassingEgyptianpyramids,Romanaqueducts,andGothiccathedrals;ithasconductedexpeditionsthatputintheshadeallformerexodusesofnationsandcrusades.
Thebourgeoisiecannotexistwithoutconstantlyrevolutionizingtheinstrumentsofproduction,andtherebytherelationsofproduction,andwiththem(them指前面的therelationsofproduction生产关系。
注意本句的由小而大的递进关系:
生产工具theinstrumentsofproduction,生产关系therelationsofproduction,社会关系thewholerelationsofsociety.)thewholerelationsofsociety.Conservationoftheoldmodesofproductioninunalteredform,was,onthecontrary,thefirstconditionofexistenceforallearlierindustrialclasses.Constantrevolutionizingofproduction,uninterrupteddisturbanceofallsocialconditions,everlastinguncertaintyandagitationdistinguishthebourgeoisepochfromallearlierones.Allfixed,fastfrozenrelations,withtheirtrainofancientandvenerableprejudicesandopinions,aresweptaway,allnew-formedonesbecomeantiquatedbeforetheycanossify.Allthatissolidmeltsintoair,allthatisholyisprofaned,andmanisatlastcompelledtofacewithsobersenseshisrealconditionoflifeandhisrelationswithhiskind.
Theneedofaconstantlyexpandingmarketforitsproductschasesthebourgeoisieovertheentiresurfaceoftheglobe.Itmustnestleeverywhere,settleeverywhere,establishconnectionseverywhere.
Thebourgeoisiehas,throughitsexploitationoftheworldmarket,givenacosmopolitancharactertoproductionandconsumptionineverycountry.Tothegreatchagrinofreactionaries,ithasdrawnfromunderthefeetofindustrythenationalgroundonwhichitstood.Allold-establishednationalindustrieshavebeendestroyedoraredailybeingdestroyed.Theyaredislodgedbynewindustries,whoseintroductionbecomesalifeanddeathquestionforallcivilizednations,byindustries(本句中,有两个由by引导的状语。
第二个industries与第一个industries同位,都指前面的newindustries。
)thatnolongerworkupindigenousrawmaterial,butrawmaterialdrawnfromtheremotestzones;industrieswhoseproductsareconsumed,notonlyathome,butineveryquarteroftheglobe.Inplaceoftheoldwants,satisfiedbytheproductionofthecountry,wefindnewwants,requiringfortheirsatisfactiontheproductsofdistantlandsandclimes.Inplaceoftheoldlocalandnationalseclusionandself-sufficiency,wehaveintercourseineverydirection,universalinter-dependenceofnations(本句有两个宾语intercourse和inter-dependence,两个宾语由逗号连接。
).Andasinmaterial,soalsoinintellectualproduction.Theintellectualcreationsofindividualnationsbecomecommonproperty.Nationalone-sidednessandnarrow-mindednessbecomemoreandmoreimpossible,andfromthenumerousnationalandlocalliteratures,therearisesaworldliterature.(therearises为thereis的变体。
其中there为引导词,真正的主语是放在后面,是aworldliterature.类似的变体再比如:
Long,longagotherelivedanoldmanwhohadthreedaughters.很久很久以前,有一个老人,他有三个女儿。
/Inhisopinion,thereseemedtobethispossibility.在他看来,似乎有这种可能。
)
Thebourgeoisie,bytherapidimprovementofallinstrumentsofproduction,bytheimmenselyf