新编简明英语语言学教程-第二版-整理.doc

新编简明英语语言学教程-第二版-整理.doc

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Chapter1:

Introduction

1.Linguistics:

语言学Itisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

（Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butitstudieslanguageingeneral）

2.Generallinguistics:

普通语言学Thestudyoflanguageasawholeiscalledgenerallinguistics.

（languageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacets）

3.Language:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

4.descriptive（描述性）:

Alinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

5.prescriptive（规定性）:

Itaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviors.

i.e.whattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnottosay.

6.synchronic（共时语言学）:

thedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointoftimeinhiatory

7.diachronic（历时语言学）:

thedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtime

3）speech（口语）Writing（书面语）

Thesethetwomediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.（speechispriortowriting）

8.langue（语言）:

referstoabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofthespeechcommunity.

Itisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetoabideby.Suchas:

InEnglishsentencemusthavesubjectandpredicate.

9.parole（言语）:

referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

Itisconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.（Saussure）

petence（语言能力）:

theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage

11.performance（语言应用）:

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.（Chomsky）

traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics

1.linguisticsisdescriptive,whiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive

2.modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewriter.

3.alsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoalatin-basedframework.

Functionsoflanguage.

1.thedescriptivefunction.

2.theexpressivefunction

3.thesocialfunction

Chapter2:

Phonology音系学

phonetics:

thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;

itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages9.

Thethreebranchesofphonetics

（1）.Articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）（longesthistory）

（2.）Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）

（3）Acousticphonetics（声学语音学）

2.Speechorgans:

threeimportantareas

⑴Pharyngealcavity咽腔----thethroat;

⑵Theoralcavity口腔----themouth;

⑶Nasalcavity–鼻腔---thenose.

Theprinciplesourcesuchmodificationsisthetongue.

Thetongueisthemostflexible.

InternationalPhoneticAlphabet[IPA]:

thebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingoneletterselectedfrommajorEuropeanlanguagestorepresentonespeechsound.

Broadtranscription宽式音标.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.

Narrowtranscription窄式音标Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.

Aspiratedandunaspirated

1）.phonology:

音系学Itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

4.Phone,phoneme,allophone

Aphone音素isaphoneticunitorsegment.

Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,somedo,somedon’t,e.g.[bI:

t]&[bIt],[spIt]&[spIt].

Aphoneme音位isaphonologicalunit;

itisaunitofdistinctivevalue;anabstractunit,notaparticularsound,butitisrepresentedbyacertainphoneincertainphoneticcontext,e.g.thephoneme/p/canberepresenteddifferentlyin[pIt],[tIp]and[spIt].

Allophones音素变体----thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments

sequentialrule,

⑴Sequentialrule（序列规则）:

rulegoverningthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.

⑵Assimilationrule（同化规则）:

ruleassimilatingonesoundtoanotherbycopyingfeaturesofsequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.

⑶Deletionrule（省略规则）:

rulegoverningthedeletionofasoundinacertainphoneticcontextalthoughitisrepresentedinspelling.

6.Suprasegmentalfeatures（超切分特征）

⑴Stress

Wordstressandsentencestress

⑵Tone声调

Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.

Englishisnotatonelanguage,butChineseis.

⑶Intonation语调

Whenpitch,stressandlengthvariationsaretiedtothesentenceratherthantotheword,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.

Englishhasthreetypesofintonationthataremostfrequentlyused:

fallingtone（matteroffactstatement）

risingtone（doubtsorquestion）

thefall-risetone（impliedmessage）

thefrise-falltone（notfrequentlyused）

Forinstance,“That’snotthebookhewants.

Chapter3:

Morphology

1）.Morphology形态学:

referstothethestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed

2）.Morpheme词素:

Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflang