语言学单元自测7.docx

语言学单元自测7.docx

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语言学单元自测7

Chapter7：

HistoricalLinguistics

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Oneofthetasksofthehistoricallinguistsistoexploremethodstoreconstructlinguistichistoryandestablishtherelationshipbetweenlanguages.

2.Languagechangeisagradualandconstantprocess,thereforeoftenindiscernibletospeakersofthesamegeneration.

3.ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintotheperiodsofOldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.

4.MiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivalofAnglo-Saxons,whoinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEurope.

5.InOldEnglish,allthenounsareinflectedtomarknominative,genitive,dativeandaccusativecases.

6.InOldEnglish,theverbofasentenceoftenprecedesthesubjectratherthanfollowsit.

7.AdirectconsequenceoftheRenaissanceMovementwastherevivalofFrenchasaliterarylanguage.

8.Ingeneral,linguisticchangeingrammarismorenoticeablethanthatinthesoundsystemandthevocabularyofalanguage.

9.Thesoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,andintheloss,gainandmovementofsounds.

10.Theleastwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglisharethelossandadditionofaffixes.

11.InOldEnglish,themorphosyntacticruleofadjectiveagreementstipulatedthattheendingsofadjectivemustagreewiththeheadnounincase,numberand

gender.

12.ThewordorderofModernEnglishismorevariablethanthatofOldEnglish.

13.Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots,stems,orwords.

14.“Smogisawordformedbytheword-formingprocesscalledacronymy.

15.“fridge”isawordformedbyabbreviation.

16.Modernlinguistsareabletoprovideaconsistentaccountfortheexactcauses

ofalltypesofIanguagechange.

17.Soundassimilationmaybringaboutthelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimilar

syllablesinsequenee,asinthecaseofchangeof“Engla-land”to“England

18.Ruleelaborationoccurswhenthereisaneedtoreduceambiguityandincreasecommunicativeclarityorexpressiveness.

19.LanguagechangeisalwaysachangetowardsthesimplificationofIanguagerules

20.ThewaychildrenacquiretheIanguageisoneofthecausesforIanguagechange.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththe

lettergiven:

21.HlinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesIanguage

change.

22.ThehistoricalstudyofIanguageisadstudyofIanguagerather

thanasynchronicstudy.

23.EuropeanRMovementseparatestheperiodofMiddleEnglishfromthat

ofmodernEnglish.

24.Animportantsetofextensivesoundchanges,whichaffected7longortensevowelsandwhichledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenphonemic

representationsofwordsandmorphemesattheendoftheMiddleEnglishPeriod,

isknownastheGreatVShift.

25.Ainvolvesthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegment.

26.Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothe

middleofawordisknownase.

27.ThethreesetsofconsonantshiftsthatGrimmdiscoveredbecameknown

collectivelyasGrimmsL.

28.Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovement,knownasm,involvesa

reversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.

29.Bisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythe

supposedsuffixesofexitingwords.

30.Semanticbreferstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofaword

becomesmoregeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation.

31.TheoriginalformofaIanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexistiscalled

thep.

32.Soundareferstothephysiologicaleffectofonesoundonanother.

Inthisprocess,successivesoundsaremadeidenticalorsimilartooneanother

intermsofplaceormannerofarticulation.

33.Inordertoreducetheexceptionalorirregularmorphemes,speakersofa

particularIanguagemayborrowarulefromonepartofthegrammarandapplyitgenerally.Thisphenomenoniscallediborrowing.

34.Byidentifyingandcomparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeanings

acrossrelatedIanguages,historicallinguistsreconstructtheprotoformin

thecommonancestralIanguage.Thisprocessiscalledcreconstruction.

35.ThemruleofadjectiveagreementhasbeenlostfromEnglish.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcan

bestcompletethestatement:

36.Historicallinguisticsexplores.

A.thenatureofIanguagechangeB.thecausesthatleadtoIanguagechange

C.therelationshipbetweenIanguagesD.alloftheabove

37.Languagechangeis.

A.universal,continuousand,toalargeextent,regularandsystematic

B.continuous,regular,systematic,butnotuniversal

C.universal,continuous,butnotregularandsystematic

D.alwaysregularandsystematic,butnotuniversalandcontinuous

38.ModernEnglishperiodstartsroughly.

A.from449to1100B.from1500tothepresent

C.from1100tothepresentD.from1700tothepresent

39.OldEnglishdatesbacktothemid-fifthcenturywhen.

A.theNormanFrenchinvadersunderWilliamtheConquerorarrivedinEngland

B.theprintingtechnologywasinvented

C.Anglo-SaxonsinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEurope

D.theCelticpeoplebegantoinhabitEngland

40.MiddleEnglishwasdeeplyinflueneedby.

A.NormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar

B.GreekandLatinbecauseoftheEuropeanrenaissaneemovement

C.DanishIanguagesbecauseDenmarkplacedakingonthethroneofEngland

D.theCelticpeoplewhowerethefirstinhabitantsofEngland

41.Languagechangeisessentiallyamatterofchange.

A.incollocationsB.inmeaning

C.ingrammarD.inusages

42.InOldandMiddleEnglish,both/k/and/n/intheword“knight”were

pronounced,butinmodernEnglish,/k/inthesound/kn-/clusterswasnot

pronounced.Thisphenomenonisknownas.

A.soundadditionB.soundloss

C.soundshiftD.soundmovement

43.Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothe

middleofawordisknownas.

A.apocopeB.epenthesis

C.parenthesisD.antithesis

44.Segmentswitchofsoundpositionscanbeseenintheexampleofthemodern

word“bird”whichcomesfromtheoldEnglishword“bridd”.Thechangeof

thewordfrom“bridd”to“bird”isacaseof.

A.metathesisB.soundloss

C.soundadditionD.apocope

45.isaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.

A.DerivationB.Blending

C.CompoundingD.Abbreviation

46.“Wife”,whichusedtorefertoanywoman,standsfor“amarriedwoman”

inmodernEnglish.Thisphenomenonisknownas.

A.semanticshiftB.semanticbroadening

C.semanticelevationD.semanticnarrowing

47.EnglishIanguagebelongsto.

A.Indo-EuropeanFamilyB.Sino-TibetanFamily

C.AustronesianFamilyD.AfroasiaticFamily

48.Byanalogytothepluralformationoftheword“dog-s",speakersstarted

saying“cows"asthepluralof“coW'insteadoftheearlierplural“kine

Thisisthecaseof.

A.elaborationB.externalborrowing

C.soundassimilationD.internalborrowing

49.Morphologcialchangescaninvolve.

A.thelossofmorphologicalrules

B.theadditionofmorphologicalrules

C.thealterationofmorphologicalrules

D.alloftheabove

50.Themostdramaticmorphologicallossconcernsthelossof.

A.comparativemarkersB.tensemarkers

C.genderandcasemarkersD.noneoftheabove

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

51.Apocope52.Metathesis53.Derivation

54.back-formation55.semanticnarrowing56.protolanguage

57.haplology58.epenthesis59.Compounding

60.Blending61.semanticbroadening62.semanticshift

63.GreatVowelShift64.acronym65.soundassimilation

V.Answerthefollowingquestions:

66.WhatisthepurposeorsignificaneeofthehistoricalstudyofIanguage?

67.WhatarethecharacteristicsofthenatureofIanguagechange?

68.WhatarethemajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglish?

69.

English

AsIanguagechangesovertime,themeaningofawordmaydeviatefromitsoriginaldenotation.Discussthemajortypesofsemanticchanges.

70.OvertheyearsfromOldEnglishperiodtotheModernEnglishperiod,hasundergonesomemajorsoundchanges.Illustratethesechangeswithsomeexamples.

71.Whatarethemostwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglish?

72.WhatarethecausesofIanguagechangeDiscussthemindetail.

Chapter7HistoricalLinguistics

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

I.T2.T3.T4.F5.F6.T7.F8.F9.T10.F

II.T12.F13.T14.F15.F16.F17.T18.T19.F20.T

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththe

lettergiven:

21.Historical22.diachronic23.Renaissanee24.Vowel25.Apocope26.epenthesis

27.Law28.Metathesis29.Backformation3O.broadening31.protolanguage

32.assimilation33.internalparative35.morphosyntactic

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

36.D37.A38.B39.C40.A41.C42.B43.B44.A45.C

46.D47.A48.D49.D50.C

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

1.Apocope:

Apocopeisthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegment.

2.Metathesis:

Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasmetathesis.

Itinvolvesareversalinpositionoftwoneighbouringsoundseg-ments.

3.Derivation:

Itisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheaddition

ofaffixestotheroots,stemsorwords.

4.back-formation:

Itisaprocessbywhichnewwordsa