供应链物流管理supply chain logistics management鲍尔索克斯 课后习题答案16章.docx
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供应链物流管理supplychainlogisticsmanagement鲍尔索克斯课后习题答案16章
Chapter1:
1.Whycanthecurrentmovementtowardestablishingsupplychainsbecharacterizedasarevolution?
Becausethecurrentmovementtowardestablishingsupplychainshasreshapedcontemporarystrategicthinking.
Twomassiveshifts,supplychainrevolutionandarelatedlogisticalrenaissance,inexpectationandpracticeconcerningtheperformanceofbusinessoperationsarehighlyinterrelatedbuttheyaresignificantlydifferentaspectsofcontemporarystrategicthinking.
2.Comparetheconceptofamodernsupplychainwithmoretraditionaldistributionchannels.Bespecificregardingsimilaritiesanddifferences.
Traditionaldistributionchannelstypicallyhadanorderfulfillmenttimeof15-30days.Butifsomethingwentwrong,thistimewouldincreasedramatically.Itwasacommonpracticetomaintaininventoryateverystageofthesupplychainlikeretailers,wholesalers,andmanufacturers.Themarketwascharacterizedbyscarcitytotheprimarygoaloftraditionalmodelwastoensureavailabilityofproducts.However,todaycustomerswantmoreoptionsinproductofferings.Modernsupplychainisgearedtowardsmeetingthechangingconsumerneeds.Transportationcapacityandoperationalperformancehasbecomemorereliableandeconomical.Logisticalsystemsarecapableofcapableofdeliveringproductsatexacttimes.Socustomerorderscanbefulfilledfaster.Withmassivedevelopmentininformationtechnology,theneedtomaintaininventoryhasreduceddramatically.Theoccurrenceoffailures,characteristicoftraditionalsupplychain,hasbeenreplacedbyacommitmenttowardszero-defectofsixsigmaperformance.Inessenceahighlevelofperformanceisachievedatalowertotalcostwithcommitmentoffewerfinancialresourcesthanthatinthepast.
3.Whatspecificroledoeslogisticsplayinsupplychainoperations?
Logisticsistheprimaryconduitofproductandserviceflowwithinasupplychainarrangement.Itistheworkrequiredtomoveandtopositioninventorythroughoutasupplychain.Itisacombinationofordermanagement,inventory,transportation,warehousing,materialhandlingandpackagingasintegratedthroughoutafacilitynetwork.Logisticsisessentialforeffectivesupplychainconnectivity.
4.Describe“integrativemanagement”.Bespecificconcerningtherelationshipbetweenfunctionalityandprocess.
Thechallengetoachievingintegratedmanagementresultsfromthelong-standingtraditionofperformingandmeasuringworkonafunctionalbasis.Sincetheindustrialrevolution,achievingbestpracticehasfocusedmanagerialattentiononfunctionalspecialization.Theprevailingbeliefwasthebettertheperformanceofaspecificfunction,thegreatertheefficiencyoftheoverallprocess.
Thefundamentalchallengeofintegratedmanagementistoredirecttraditionalemphasisonfunctionalityinanefforttofocusonprocessachievement.Integrativeprocessmanagementseekstoidentifyandachievelowesttotalcostbycapturingtrade-offsthatexistbetweenfunctions.Thefocusofintegratedmanagementislowesttotalprocesscost,whichisnotnecessarilytheachievementofthelowestcostforeachfunctionincludedintheprocess.
5.Intermsofenterpriseextension,describetheimportanceoftheinformationsharingandprocessspecializationparadigms.
Theinformationsharingparadigmisthewidespreadbeliefthatachievingahighdegreeofcooperativebehaviorrequiresthatsupplychainparticipantsvoluntarilyshareoperatinginformationandjointlyplanstrategies.Theguidingprincipleisthatinformationsharingisessentialamongsupplychainparticipantstocollectivelydothethingscustomersdemandfasterandmoreefficiently.
Theprocessspecializationparadigmiscommitmenttofocusingcollaborativearrangementsonplanningjointoperationswithagoalofeliminatingnonproductiveornon-value-addingredundancybyfirmsinasupplychain.Thebasicideaistodesigntheoverallsupplychainprocessesinamannerthatidentifiesaspecificfirm’scompetenciesalongwiththeresponsibilityandaccountabilitytoperformeachelementofessentialworkinamannerthatmaximizesoverallresults.
Importance:
Sharinginformationandjointplanningcanreduceriskrelatedtoinventorypositioning.Collaborationcaneliminateduplicativeorredundantwork,suchasrepetitivequalityinspection,bydesignatingandempoweringaspecifiedmemberofthesupplychaintobefullyresponsibleandaccountable.Suchextendedenterpriseintegrationintroducesnewchallengesregardingmeasurement,benefitandrisksharing,trust,leadership,andconflictresolution.
6.Describeandillustrateanintegratedserviceprovider.Howdoestheconceptofintegratedserviceproviderdifferfromtraditionalserviceproviders,suchasfor-hiretransportationandwarehousing?
IntegratedServiceProviders(ISP)alsoknownasthird-partylogisticsprovidersprovidearangeoflogisticsservicesthatincludesallworknecessarytoservicecustomers.Withtheregulatorychangesinthetransportationthetraditionallogisticsservicesprovidersstartedofferingwarehousingandsharedtransportationservices.ThereforetheISPsinitiatedtheradicalshiftfromsinglefunctiontomultifunctionoutsourcing.Theirservicesincludeorderentrytoproductdeliveryandincertainsituationstheyalsoprovidewiderangeofvalue-addedservices.ForexampleUnitedParcelServices(UPS)stocksNikeshoesandwarm-upsatitsLouisvillewarehouseandprocessesordershourly.AlltherelatedcommunicationandfinancialadministrationarehandledbyanUPScallcenterinSanAntonio.ThereforeUPShandlesthebasiclogisticsandvalue-addedservicesforNike.
Incontrastthetraditionalserviceproviders,suchasfor-hiretransportationandwarehousingspecializeinspecificfunctions.Forinstance,thefor-hiretransportationindustryconsistsofcarrierswhospecializeinmovingproductsbetweengeographiclocations.Thecompaniesofferingwarehouseservicesaretraditionallycalledpublicwarehousesandtheyprovidestoragesupplementedbyspecializedservices.
7.Compareandcontrastanticipatoryandresponse-basedbusinessmodels.Whyhasresponsivenessbecomepopularinsupplychaincollaborations?
Anticipatoryandresponse-basedbusinessmodelsarethetwowaysusedbyfirmstofulfillcustomerrequirements.Howeverthefundamentaldifferenceinthetwomodelsistiming
Anticipatorymodelhasbeenthetraditionalbusinesspractice,whichwasmainlyforecastdriven.Sinceinformationaboutpurchasingbehaviorwasnotreadilyavailable,andthechannelpartnerswerelooselycollaborating,businessesweredrivenbyforecasts.Howevertheforecastsusedbythemanufacturers,wholesales,distributors,andretailerswereoftendifferentthatledtoalotofexcessinventoryinthesystem.Alltheworkwasperformedinanticipationoffutureprojections,sothelikelihoodofmisgaugingcustomerrequirementswasveryhigh.Inadditioneachfirminthechainduplicatedtheanticipatoryprocess.
Response-basedmodelaimstoreduceoreliminateforecastreliancebyjointplanningandrapidexchangeofinformationbetweensupplychainpartners.Thismodelhasbeenmadepossiblebecausemanagerscannowobtainandshareaccuratesalesinformationfaster.Consequentlycustomerscanbeprovidedwiththeirdesireditemsfaster.Thismodelrequiresfewerstepsandthereforelesscosttocompleteafulfillmentprocesscomparedtotheanticipatorymodel.Response-basedmodelissimilartoabuildtoordermodelhowevertheformerhasafasterresponsetimeandallowshigherdegreeofcustomization.
Responsivenesspropelledbyinformationtechnologydevelopmenthasbecomethecornerstoneoftoday’ssupplychaincollaboration.Higherresponsivenesscannotonlyincreasethelevelofcustomersatisfactionbutcanalsoreducetheoverallcostofdoingthat.
8.Compareandcontrastmanufacturingandgeographicpostponement.
Manufacturingandgeographicpostponementarestrategiesandpracticesthatreducestheanticipatoryrisksofsupplychainperformance.Thefactorsfavoringoneprtheotherformdependsonthevolume,value,competitiveinitiativesdesiredcustomerservicelevels.Manufacturingorformpostponementaimsatmanufacturingtheproductsoneorderatatimewithnopreparatoryworkorcomponentprocurementuntilthecustomerspecificationsarefullyknownandcustomercommitmentisreceived.Thegoalofthispostponementstrategyistomaintainproductsinaneutralornon-committedstatusaslongaspossible.Inanidealsituationastandardorbaseproductismanufacturedinlargequantitiestoobtaineconomyofscalewhiledeferringthefinalizationuntilthecustomercommitment.Inthisscenario,economyofscopeisintroducedbyproducingthebaseproducttoaccommodateawiderangeofdifferentcustomers.Anexampleofmanufacturingpostponementisobservedinmixingpaintcoloratretailstorestoaccommodatetheindividualcustomer’srequest.Thisstrategynotonlyreducestherisksoflogisticsmalfunctionbutalsoincreasestheuseoflightmanufacturingandfinalassemblyatlogisticalfacilities
Ontheotherhand,Geographicalorlogisticalpostponementfocusesonresponseacceleration.Thisstrategyaimstobuildandstockafull-lineinventoryatoneormorestrategiclocations.Forwarddeploymentofinventoryispostponeduntilthecustomerorderisreceived.Inanidealsituationthispostponementstrategyeliminatestheriskofanticipatoryriskofinventorydeploymentwhileretainingmanufacturingeconomyscale.AnexampleofgeographicalpostponementistheSearsStoreDeliverySystem.Thelogisticsoftheappliancesisnotinitiatedtillthecustomerorderisreceived.AnappliancepurchasedonMon