Practice Test Two四级.docx

Practice Test Two四级.docx

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PracticeTestTwo四级

PracticeTestTwo

PartⅠWriting（30minutes）

Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:

MyViewonGoldenWeeks.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:

1.黄金周的出现使顾客和商家受益

2.但也有人认为它带来麻烦

3.我的看法

PartⅡReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）

Directions:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsontheAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions1-7,mark

Y（forYES）Ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

N（forNO）Ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

NG（forNOTGIVEN）Iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Introductiontotheoldestwine

Itisofficial.TracesoftheoldestknownwineintheworldhavebeenconfirmedbyaninternationalresearchteamcomposedofChinese,AmericanandGermanscientists.

ThroughabarrageofteststhatlookedatancientorganiccompoundspreservedinpotteryjarsthatwerediscoveredfromNeolithicrelicsatJiahuinCentralChina'sHenanProvince,theywereabletorevealthatamixedfermented（酶，发酵）beverageofrice,honeyandfruitwasproducedaround9,000yearsago.

ThisdiscoverypushestheChinesehistoryformakingalcoholicdrinksbackby4,000yearsandclaimsthemantleastheworld'searliestwine,beatingthepreviousbestbyatleast1,000years.AlsoinHenan,knownasthecradleofChinesecivilization,thescientistsfoundliquidsthatweremorethan3,000yearsoldandhadbeenwellpreservedinsidetightlyclosedbronzevessels.

ExcavatedfromaneliteburialareainthecityofAnyangintheYellowRiverBasin,thevesselsdatebacktotheShang（1600-1046BC）andWesternZhoudynasties（1046-771BC）.

Theycontainedspecializedriceandmillet"wines."Theyhadbeenflavouredwithherbs,flowersandtreeresins,andweresimilartoherbalwinesdescribedintheShangDynastyoracleinscriptions（甲骨文）,accordingtoresearchers.

TheresearchersinvolvedclaimthediscoveriesfrombothsitesprovidethefirstdirectchemicalevidenceforearlyfermentedbeveragesinancientChineseculture,andwillbroadentheunderstandingofthekeytechnologicalandculturalrolesthatfermentedbeveragesplayedinChina.

ThediscoverieswerepublishedintheDecemberissueoftheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,orPNAS.

Fragrantliquids

TheprehistoricbeveragesatJiahupavedthewayfortheuniquecerealbeveragesthatwerefoundatAnyang,saidPatrickMcGovernfromtheUniversityofPennsylvaniaMuseumofArchaeologyandAnthropology.Theyarefromtheproto-historicinthesecondmillenniumBC.

McGovernisthechiefAmericanscientistwhoinvolvedintheresearchandarenownedwinebrewinghistorian.

ThevesselsexcavatedfromAnyangweresealedwellfortheirday.Andalthoughthelidshavelongbeencorroded,evaporationwasprevented.

Scientistsbelievethevesselsandtheircontents-besidesservingasburialgoodstosustainthedeadintheafterlife-alsohadlinkstofuneralswherethelivinghopedtocommunicatewiththedeceasedancestorsandgods,afterdrinkingfromthem.

"Thearomaoftheliquidsinsidethetightlyliddedjarsandvats,whentheirlidswerefirstremovedaftersome3,000years,suggestedthattheyindeedrepresentedShangandWesternZhoufermentedbeverages,"McGovernnoted.

Aromaissomething.McGovernisanauthority,havingledthediscoveryoftheearliestbarleybeerin1992inwesternIran.Thebeerdatesbackto3500-3100BC.TwoyearslateralsoinIran,atanotherNeolithicsitetherewasevidenceoftheearliestwine,whichdatesbackto5400BC.

Universalphenomenon

Throughouthistoryandaroundtheglobe,humansateverylevelofcomplexitydiscoveredhowtomakefermentedbeveragesfromsugarsourcesavailableintheirlocalhabitats,accordingtoMcGovern.

Thereasonforsuchawidespreadphenomenonoffermentedbeveragesmayhave,hesuggests,derivedinpartfromethanol'scombinedpain-relieving,disinfectantandprofoundmind-alteringeffects.

Moreover,fermentationhelpstopreserveandenhancethenutritionalvalueoffoodsandbeverages.

Becauseoftheirperceivedmultiplebenefits,fermentedbeverageshaveplayedkeyrolesinthedevelopmentofhumancultureandtechnology,contributingtotheadvancementofagriculture,horticultureandfood-processingtechniques.

Amongallstrataofancientsociety,theymarkedmajorevents,frombirthtodeath,aswellasvictories,auspiciousoccasionsandharvests,McGovernadded.

Theroyalandtherich,wereparticularlydrawntothebeverages,theresearchersnotedintheirPNASarticle.

Incertaincases,suchcelebrationscouldalsodevelopintolarge-scalesecularorreligiousceremoniesforthewholeofsociety.

ChinaisnoexceptionbutwhenMcGovernstartedhiscollaborationwithhisChinesecounterpartsin2000,thequestionswerewhenandhow.

Historicalwritingsprovidedthefirsttrace.BasedontheoracleinscriptionsfromthelateShangDynasty,theearliesttextsfromChina,atleastthreebeveragesweredistinguished:

Chang（aherbalwine）,Li（probablyasweet,low-alcoholicriceormilletbeverage）andJiu（fullyfermentedandfilteredriceormilletbeverageor"wine,"withanalcoholiccontentofprobably10-15percent）.

Accordingtotherecords,theShangpalaceadministrationincludedofficialswhomadethebeverages,whichsometimeswereinspectedbytheking.

Fermentedbeveragesandotherfoodswereofferedassacrificestoroyalancestorsinvariousformsofbronzevessels,likelyaccompaniedbyelitefeasting.

Laterdocuments,incorporatingtraditionsfromtheZhouDynasty（1046-256BC）,describeanothertwobeverages:

Luo（whichwaslikelymadefromafruit）andLao（anunfiltered,fermentedriceormilletbeverage）.

Potteryclues

AmuchearlierhistoryoffermentedbeveragesinChinahaslongbeenhypothesizedbasedontheshapesandstylesofNeolithicpotteryvessels,whicharesimilartothemagnificentShangDynastybronzevessels.Thevesselswereusedtopresentandstorefermentedbeverages.

McGovernandhisChinesecollaboratorsconcentratedtheirresearchonpotteryfromtheNeolithicvillageofJiahu,becauseitissomeoftheearliestknownpotteryinChina.

TheChineseresearchers,ledbyZhangJuzhong,aprofessorfromtheUniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina,hadcarriedoutarchaeologicalresearcharoundthesitefordecades.

TheJiahuareawasalreadyfamousforyieldingsomeoftheearliestmusicalinstrumentsanddomesticatedrice,aswellaspossiblytheearliestChinesepictographicwriting.

Zhangandhiscolleaguesfoundthepotteryarticles,oneofthemanydiscoveriestheymadethathaverewrittentheconventionalperspectivesofChina'searlyhistory.

McGoverntooktheleadinthechemicalanalysesoftheresidueelementsabsorbedinthepottery.

Themoststraightforwardinterpretationofthedata,accordingtoresearchers,isthattheJiahuvesselscontainedaconsistentlyprocessedbeveragemadefromrice,honeyandafruit.

Otherknownoldwines

Scientistsreportedanumberofinterestingdiscoveriesofoldwinesinthepastdecade,beforetheyfoundanddeterminedthe9,000-year-oldwineattheJiahuruins,CentralChina'sHenanProvince.

TheArchaeologicalInstituteofAmericain1996reportedresearcherscelebratingthefindingoftheremainsof7,000-year-oldwineinsixvesselsunearthedatthesiteofaNeolithicvillageinIran.Eachjarcouldholdabout9litres.

Theywereunearthedin1976whatthescientistsbelievedtobethekitchenareaofamud-brickbuildinginHajjiFiruzTepe,avillageofthenewStoneageerainthenorthernZagrosmountains.

PatrickE.McGovernandhisteamfromtheUniversityofPennsylvaniaMuseumappliedhi-techdevicestoanalyzetheremainsfromthejars.

Theyidentifiedcalciumsaltfromtartaricacid,whichtheysaiddevelopsnaturallyinlargeamountsonlyingrapes,andissuedasapointerforthepresenceofidentifyingwineinancientresidues.

Theresearchersalsofoundresinfromtheterebinthtreeintheresidue,acompoundusedasapreservative.McGovernandhiscolleaguesbelievedthewinedidnotresultfromtheaccidentalfermentationofgrapejuicebuthadbeenmadeintentionally.

TheZagrosMountainareahasgrapesgrowingwildandMcGovernandhiscolleaguesalsoanalyzedresiduefromajarunearthedinGodinTepe,inthemiddleZagrosmountainsneartheHajjiFiruzTepesite.Theyconcludedthattheresiduecamefromwinedatingbacktosome5,100years.

Despitethediscoveriesofearliestwines,manyresearchersbelievethatancientEgyptianswerearguablytheearliesttorecordindetailawine-makingprocess.FromwinejarsunearthedinancientEgyptiantombsdatingbackto2,600BC,researchersfoundthejarsborelabelsclarifyingtheproduct,year,sourceandnameofthevinegrower.

1.Thehistoryformakingalcoholicdrinksdatedbacktoaround9,000yearsago.

2.Henanisknownasthecradleoftheworld’scivilization

3.TheprehistoricbeveragesatJiahupavedthewayfortheuniquefruitbeveragesthatwerefoundatAnyang,

4.ThearomaoftheliquidsinsidethetightlyliddedjarsandvatsfoundatAnyang,whentheirlidswerefirstremovedaftersome3,000years,revealedthattheyindeedstoodforXiaandWesternZhoufermentedbeverages,

5.Thereasonforsuchawidespreadphenomenonoffermentedbeveragesmayhaveresultedinpartfromalcohol'scombinedpainkilling,disinfectantandprofoundmind-alteringeffects.

6.ManydiscoveriesmadebyZhangandhiscolleagueshaverewrittentheconventionalpers