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英语国家社会与文化知识要点汇总
UnitOne
Introduction&Unit1
TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountries
课程名称：
英语国家社会与文化
本课内容：
TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountries
授课时间：
90分钟
教学目的:
通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英语国家社会与文化课程的主要内容与要求，了解文化的概念；同时对英国有一个总体上的了解。
教学意义:
帮助学生了解主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。
教学重点:
文化的概念；
英国基本情况。
教学难点:
英国概况
教学方式：
以电子课件为主，辅以少量板书的课堂讲授。
教学内容:
（详见下页）
1.什么是文化？
2．英国国土与人民
英国的不同名称及其区域
3.伦敦概况
教学方法：
采取教师教授为主，结合学生课堂讨论。
时间分配:
Whatisculture?
（10分钟.）;
What’stherelationbetweenCultureandsociety?
（10分钟）;
Whyshouldwelearnculture（10分钟）;
UK-acomplicatedcountrywithacomplicatedname（40分钟）
ABriefIdeaaboutLondon.（20分钟）
课堂板书:
1.Culture-thefoundationofcommunication
2.ThefourpartsofUK
3.MaincitiesofEngland
London
Birmingham-secondlargestcityofEngland.
Liverpool-secondlargestportofEngland
Manchester-industrialandcommercialcentre.
课后作业:
ExercisesinUnit1
UnitOne
PartOne
1.Whatisculture?
Culture-thefoundationofcommunication
Cultureisveryabstractandcomplicated.Concretelyspeaking,itreferstoalltheaspectsofsociallife,suchas,thevalues,thepracticesofasocietyandsocialconventions,education,politics,artorliterature,language,ideas,etc.
文化即是人们所思,所言（言语和非言语）,所为,所觉的总和.文化是无处不在的,具体说来,包括社会生活的一切方面,如:
价值观念,生活行为方式,社会规范等,乃至艺术,政治,经济,教育,修养,文学,语言,思想等.
2.What’stherelationbetweenCultureandsociety?
1）Cultureisaseparateideafromsociety,althoughcultureandsocietyareinterrelatedandcannotexistwithouteachother.
2）Cultureisasystemofvalues（orbeliefs）andnorms（orbehaviour）.Asocietyisasystemofinterrelationshipswhichconnectorbindindividualstogether.
3.Whyshouldwelearnculture?
1）Requirementofcommunication
2）Languageandcultureareinseparable
3）Cultureacquisitionisimportantforthestudyofliterature.
PartTwo
UK-acomplicatedcountrywithacomplicatedname
ⅠStatusintheworld
EffectsofitsImperialPast--“anempireinwhichthesunneverset”（日不落帝国）:
1.oneoffivepermanentmembersoftheUNSecurityCouncil,afoundingmemberofNATO,andoftheCommonwealth,
2.MemberofEuropeanUnionandtheGroupofseven
3.Themake-upoftheBritishpopulation（Immigrationhasproducedapopulationofwhich1in20areofnon-Europeanethnicity.）
II.Theeffectsofitsimperialpast
*ThedaysofempireendedafterWorldWarII
1. Theeffectsweremainlyencounteredinthecloserelationshipswhichexistwiththe50ormorecoloniesofthatempire,andwhichmaintainlinksthroughCommonwealthofNations.ButmoreimportantinternationalrelationisitsmembershipintheEuropeanUnionsince1973.
2. ThemakeupoftheBritishpopulation
---immigrationfromIndia,Pakistan,orCaribbean（西印度群岛与中南美洲海域）countriesinthe1950sand1960s.1/20arenon-Europeanethnicity.
III.ThefeaturesofBritishsociety:
1.amultiracialsociety
Racial,gender,class,regionalandeconomicdifferencesinthesociety
amulti-racialsociety:
mostareChristiansandbecauseofimmigration,manyareMuslims;
genderdifference:
maleandfemalelivedifferentlives
classdifference:
theclassstructureofUKsocietyisrelativelyobvious（Awhite-collarworker’slivesareverydifferentfromablue-collarworker’s.）
economicandregionaldifferencewithineachofthe4countries:
--differencebetweenhighlandandlowlandScots
--differencebetweennorthandsouthEngland（Southisonaveragemorewealthy thanthenorth）
2.asocietywithclass-structure
3.asocietywithdifferenceofregiondifference:
highlandandlowlandScots，northandsouthEngland，thecapitalandprovinces.
PartThree
MaincitiesofEngland
1.London
2.Birmingham-secondlargestcityofEngland.
3.Liverpool-secondlargestportofEngland
4.Manchester-industrialandcommercialcentre.
London--cultural,bussness,andfinancialcentre
1.Oneofthemostfamouscitiesoftheworld,LondonisEngland'scapitalandafavouritefortouristsfromallovertheworldwhoflockthereintheirmillions.Ithasahistorystretchingbackalmost2000years,Apopulationof7.5millionpeople,andsomeofthemostfamoustouristattractionsintheworld.
2.LondonAttractions:
BigBenandtheHousesofParliament.
TheTowerofLondon,
TowerBridge,
StPaul'sCathedral
theRiverThames
Countlessfascinatingmuseums,artgalleriesandfamoustheatres.
TheEnglishRoyalFamilyresideinLondonatBuckinghamPalacewhereyoucanseethefamous'ChangingoftheGuard'andmuchmore.
3.AsignificantroleofLondon
WhenamanistiredofLondon,youaretiredoflifeforthereisinLondonallthatlifecanafford.
—SamuelJohnson
LondonisdominantinUKinallsortsofways.
1）Itisthelargestcityinthecountrywithaboutoneseventhofthenation’spopulation.
2）Itisseatofgovernment.
3）Itistheculturalcentre.
4）Itisthebusinesscentre.
5）Itisthefinancialcentreofthenation.
6）LondonisahugeweightinBritain’seconomicandculturallife,andtosomeextenttherestofthecountrylivesinitsshadow.
Forreference
英国历代国王与王后
House
Name
Period
SaxonKings（802-1066）
撒克逊国王
Egbert埃格伯特
802-839
AlfredtheGreat阿尔弗雷德大帝
871-899
EdwardtheElder爱德华（长者）
899-924
Athelstan阿瑟尔斯坦
925-939
Edgar埃德加
959-975
EthelredtheUnready艾特尔雷德（无主见者）
978-1016
Canute（Danish）克努特（丹麦）
1016-1035
EdwardtheConfessor爱德华（忏悔者）
1042-1066
HaroldII哈罗德二世
1066
HouseofNormandy（1066-1154）诺曼王朝
WilliamItheConqueror威廉一世（征服者）
1066-1087
WilliamII威廉二世
1087-1100
HenryI亨利一世
1100-1135
Stephen斯蒂芬
1135-1154
HouseofPlantagenet（1154-1399）
金雀花王朝
HenryII亨利二世
1154-1189
RichardI理查德一世（狮心王）
1189-1199
John约翰（失地王）
1199-1216
HenryIII亨利三世
1216-1272
EdwardI爱德华一世
1272-1307
EdwardII爱德华二世
1307-1327
EdwardIII爱德华三世
1327-1377
RichardII理查二世
1377-1399
HouseofLancaster（1399-1461）兰开斯特王朝
HenryIV亨利四世
1399-1413
HenryV亨利五世
1413-1422
HenryVI亨利六世
1422-1461
HouseofYork（1461-1485）
约克王朝
EdwardIV爱德华四世
1461-1483
EdwardV爱德华五世
1483
RichardIII理查三世
1483-1485
HouseofTudor（1485-1603）
都铎王朝
HenryVII亨利七世
1485-1509
HenryVIII亨利八世
1509-1547
EdwardVI爱德华六世
1547-1553
MaryI玛丽一世
1553-1558
ElizabethI伊丽莎白一世
1558-1603（45年）
HouseofStuart（1603-1714）斯图亚特王朝
JamesI詹姆斯一世
1603-1625
CharlesI查理一世
1625-1649
Commonwealth
（共和国时期）
OliverCromwell奥利弗·克伦威尔
1653-1658
RichardCromwell理查德·克伦威尔
1658-1659
HouseofStuart（1603-1714）
斯图亚特王朝
CharlesII查理二世
1660-1685
JamesII詹姆斯二世
1685-1688
WilliamIIIandMaryII威廉三世和玛丽二世
1689-1702
Anne安妮
1702-1714
HouseofHanover（1714-1910）汉诺威王朝
GeorgeI乔治一世
1714-1727
GeorgeII乔治二世
1727-1760
GeorgeIII乔治三世
1760-1820
GeorgeIV乔治四世
1820-1830
GeorgeIV威廉四世
1830-1837
Victoria维多利亚
1837-1901
EdwardVII爱德华七世
1901-1910
HouseofWindsor（1910-）
温莎王朝
GeorgeV乔治五世
1910-1936
EdwardVIII爱德华八世
1936
GeorgeVI乔治六世
1936-1952
ElizabethII伊丽莎白二世
1952-
Geographicalfeatures
1.Geographicalposition
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland（UK）issituatednorth-westoftheEuropeancontinentbetweentheAtlanticOceanandtheNorthSea.Ithasatotallandareaof244,100squarekilometres,ofwhichnearly99%islandandtheremainderinlandwater.Fromnorthtosouthitisabout1,000kilometreslong.
（1）NorthwestofEurope
（2）NorthAtlanticOcean
（3）SeparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannel
2.Geographicalfeatures
（1）Anislandcountry,surroundedbysea
（2）Highlandsinthenorthandwest
（3）Lowlandsintheeastandsoutheast
A.PartofthegreatEuropeanPlain
B.Levellandandfertilesoil
C.farming
（4）3naturalzonesinScotland
A.thehighlandsinthenorth
B.thecentrallowlands
C.thesouthernuplands
.RiversandLakes
Importantroleofriversinthecountry’seconomy
1.ImportantRivers
（1）theSevernRiver
A.thelongestinthecountry
B.only338kiloslong
（2）theThamesRiver
A.the2ndlongest
B.themostimportantriver
C.336kiloslong
D.OxfordandLondonareontheriver
（3）RiverClyde
A.themostimportantinScotland
B.importantcommercialwaterway
2.theLakeDistrict
（1）innorthwestEnglandandNorthWales
（2）populartouristattractions
（3）thehomeoftheLakePoets
A.WilliamWordsworth
B.SamuelTaylorColeridge
C.RobertSouthey
Climate
1.TypicalfeatureofBritain’sclimate
“Othercountrieshaveaclimate;inEnglandwehaveweather.”
ThestatementisoftenmadebyEnglishmentodescribethepeculiarmeteorologicalconditionsoftheircountry.
Amaritimetypeofclimate
（1）rainy---abundantrainfall
TheuncertaintyabouttheweathertendstomaketheEnglishmencautious.
“AforeignermaylaughwhenheseestheEnglishmansettingforthonabrilliantlysunnymorningwearingaraincoatandcarryinganumbrella,buthemaywellregrethislaughterlaterintheday!
”
（2）changeableandunpredictable,noclearcutof4seasons
“InnocountryotherthanEngland,ithasbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday!
Daymaybreakasabalmyspringmorning;anhourorsolaterblackcloudsmayhaveappearedfromnowhereandtherainmaybepouringdown.Atmiddayconditionsmaybereallywintrywiththetemperaturedownbyabouteightdegreesormorecentigrade.Andthen,inthelateafternoontheskywillclear,thesunwillbegintoshine,andforanhourortwobeforedarknessfalls,itwillbesummer.”
（3）Mild:
noextremes
InEnglandonecanexperiencealmosteverykindofweatherexceptthemostextreme.
temperature:
4-6℃inwinter,12-17℃insummer
2.Factorsinfluencingtheclimate
（1）thesurroundingwaters
（2）theprevailingsouth-westwin
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