违反合作原则的20个.docx

违反合作原则的20个.docx

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违反合作原则的20个

违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例

合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。

合作原则CooperativePrinciple

（一）量的准则MaximofQuantity

（1）所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。

Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired（forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange；

（2）所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。

Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.

Forexample,

1.Earl:

Ijustwanttolookniceformysonwhenhecomesin.

Max:

WhatIamgoingtomeetyourkid

Earl:

Well,oneofthem.

Max:

“Oneofthem”Howmanydoyouhave

Earl:

Sofar

Max:

Oh,Earl,Iloveyou.

Earl:

Thisismyson,Darius.HeistheChryslersalesmaninallofDetroit.AndheismyveryfavoriteifheistheoneI’mthinkingof.

（FromBankruptcySisters）

Analyze:

ThisisasceneofBankruptcySisters,Earlonlytoldhedressedsodecentlytomeethisson,butdidn’tsayclearlyifMaxwouldmeethissontogether,that`swhyMaxfeltpuzzledandaskedhimhowmanyofhissons;thenEarlanswered“Sofar”,untilthelastsentencehedidtellthepurposeformeetinghissonandaddanotherunnecessarymessage“ifheistheoneI’mthinkingof.”Becauseofthehiatusortheredundancyoftheirconversation,makestheaudiencesfallintoareverieandsetsahumorouscomedyatmosphere.

2.Caroline:

OhmyGod!

Isheyourfather

Max:

Yes,heismyfather.Andmymotherisapieceofchalk.

（FromBankruptcySisters）

Analyze:

ThisisaconversationbetweenCarolineandMax.CarolineaskedifthemancameintothecafewasMax’sfather,Maxanswer“Yes”butaddonemoresentence“Andmymotherispieceofchalk.”whichindicatedthemanwasnotMax‘sfatheratall.Obviously,thoughthissituationistypicalmessageredundancy,ithelpsthelistenerstounderstandthespeaker’srealmeaningandhumor.

3.柳小姐之夫：

老婆，请问一下你会不会打我

柳小姐：

我干嘛要打你啊你又没做错事。

如果我要真的打你的话，一定就是你做错事了。

从现在开始，你只许疼我一个人，要宠我，不能骗我，答应我的每一件事情都要做到，对我讲的每一句话都要真心，不许欺负我、骂我，要相信我。

别人欺负我，你要在第一时间出来帮我，我开心呢，你要陪着我开心；我不开心呢，你要哄我开心。

永远觉得我是最漂亮的，梦里面也要见到我，在你的心里只有我！

就是这样喽！

（出自电影《河东狮吼》）

Analyze:

Inthisconversation,hadobeyedthemaximofquantity,thecontentofheranswerwasoverthequestionrequests.However,theextramessageofheranswershowsthetruerequirementsof,alsomakestheaudiencesrealize’spersonality.

4.Atouristhailedabusatarequeststopandaskedtheconductor,“What’sthefaretoRegent’sPark”

“5pence,”saidtheconductor.

Thetouristdidn’tgetonthebus,butinsteadranalongbehinditafteritpulledaway.Ashemetthebusagainatthenextstop,hepanted,“What’sthefaretoRegent’sParknow”

“10pence,”saidtheconductor,“You’rerunningthewrongway.”

Analyze:

Inthisfunnystory,thetouristwasaniggard,triedtosavemoneybyrunningafterbusandshortingthedistancetohisdestination.Atfirst,heaskedthefaretohisdestinationandwastold“5pence”;butafterherantiredoutandaskedagain,thenwastoldthefarehadrisenandheranthewrongdirectionofhisdestination.It’sascribedtothefirsttime,theconductordidnottelldetailstothetourist,broughtamisunderstandingtothetouristandthereaders:

asthetouristranmorethathecouldsavedmoremoney.Hence,thehiatusoftheconversationmakesamisunderstanding,theconductorobeyedthemaximofquantity,deceivedthestingytouristbyomittingnecessaryinformationadvisedly.

5.Liz:

Jon,there’ssomethingimportantIneedtoaskyou.SomethingthatIwouldn’taskmostguyswhocomeinhere.

Jon:

Wait,no!

IthinkIknowwherethisisgoing.

Liz:

Youdo

Jon:

Ido.Liz,I’vewantedtoaskyouthesamethingforaverylongtime.

Liz:

Areyousurethatwe’retalkingaboutthesamething

Jon:

Absolutely.Yeah,uh,I’veneverbeenmoresureofanythinginmyentirelife.

Jon:

Liz,Iamreadytotakeachance.Iamreadyfor...

Liz:

Thankyou.

Jon:

Adog!

Adog!

I’mreadyforadog.

（frommovieGarfieldⅠ）

Analyze:

Inaboveconversation,LizonlysaidshehadsomethingtoaskJonbutdidn’tclearthedetailsofit.AndJonwasimpatienttolistentilltheend,andthensaidheknewthecontentofthat“something”.UntilLizheldadogneededtobeadoptedcameout,Jonrealizedhehadmisunderstood.Apparently,Jondidn’tgetenoughinformationfromLiz,sohemisunderstoodherandviolatedthemaximofquantityaccidentally,whichmakesthistalkdramatically.

（二）质原则（MaximofQuantity）:

（1）不要说自知虚假的话。

Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse

（2）不要说证据不足的话。

Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.

Forexamples:

1.ThefollowingisanAD:

FeedingYourBodyandStarvingYourHair

AussieHairinsuranceisaleave-in,multi-vitaminandmineralconditioninghairsupplementthatcannourishyourhairfromwithin.

......

Ifyourhairisdry,frizzyorunmanageable...,maybeit’sjusthungry!

Analyze:

Theslogan“Starving”oftheADusuallyusedtodescribinghuman`saspirationoffood.However,thisADusedthewordtodescribehairwasobeyedthemaximofquality,givingtheobviousfakeinformationtopeopletoattractthem,bythis,thisviolationbecomesmeaningful.

2.ThefollowingisanAD:

Sophisticated,

Sweet-to-drinkPinkLady

Analyze:

ThisADslogancreatedametaphorbyobeyingthemaximofquality.“PinkLady”isabrandofdeluxewine,theword“Sophisticated”meanssuperior.But“Sophisticated”generallyusestoembellishingapersonbutotherthings,soitbreaksthemaximofqualityindeed.Ontheotherhand,“PinkLady”alsomeansbeautifullady,sothattheusingof“Sophisticated”wasreasonable;andyetthe“Sweet-to-drink”wouldviolatethemaximofquality.Duetothesetwofoldviolations,thisADshowsaverydifferentsense:

ifwecomparethewinetobeautifullady,thatwouldbefairyandelegant.TheADmixedthemup,therebyappealingreaderstodreamingaboutthiswinebrand.Thoughitviolatesthemaximofquality,itwinstheattentionofcostumers.

3.Thefollowingisasloganinashoesshop:

Aroomfor5toes

Analyze:

Thesloganisagreatparallelism.Roomsarethespaceforpeopledoingactivities,andshoesarethespacefortoestostay,thatisthesimilarityofthesetwo.Bythissimilarity,readerscaneasilyunderstandthemeaningoftheslogan;moreover,roomsgivepeopletheimpressionaboutcomfortableandsafe,sotheshoesdo.Thus,readersassociatefromtheroomstotheshoes——bothareshelters,thendeepintotheirsimilarity——bothgivingprotection.Withthedesireofbeprotected,peoplewillbewillingtobuytheshoes.Ifchangesthe“room”to“box”or“pot”,readerscanunderstandthemeaningtoo,butitcannotcreateaemotionalassociationtobeasuccessfulmetaphor,whichonlybreakthemaximofqualitybutnottobeagoodAD.

4.韦小宝：

各位观众，谢谢各位凑得这么近、站得这么直听我说书，真是太给面子啦。

今天要说的人物就是天地会的总舵主陈近南，所谓平生不见陈近南，便称英雄也枉然。

他身高八尺，腰围也是八尺。

众人：

哇！

那岂不是四方了吗

韦小宝：

四方就四方，一样米养百样人，八角形的都有。

我告诉你！

他武功的名堂呢，称之为“九天十地菩萨摇头怕怕霹雳金光雷电掌”！

一掌打出，方圆百里之内，不论人畜、虾蟹、跳蚤，全部化成了飞灰啊！

（出自电影《鹿鼎记》）

Analyze:

Accordingthemaximofquality,Weishouldanswerthequestionhonestlybasedthetruthbuthisownimagination.Withthishyperboleexpression,Weiattractedpeople’sattentionresourcefully,althoughheviolatedthemaximofquality.

5.Duringtheheightofaparticularlysevereair-raidinLondonin1940,thestaffofalargebuildingwastakingshelterinthebasement.Theraidhadbeenonprogressforseveralhoursandbombswerestillfalling.Suddenlyoneofthetypistssaidtoherfriend,“comeon,Gladys,I’mnotstoppinghereanylonger.It’s5o’clock.It`stimetogohome,raidornotraid.”

Outtheywentbutwithinacoupleofminutestheywerebackagain.

“Changeyourmind”askedoneoftheothertypists.

“Yes,”saidthefirstgirl.“We’venoumbrellaandit’spouringwithrainoutside.”

Analyze:

Thesetwogirlsinthisstorycouldnotstandtheendlessair-raidandstayedatthebasementanylonger,andoneofthemdecidedtogohome,nomattertheair-raidendornot.Maybewewillthinkthatgirlisabraveone,however,shebacked,saidbecauseofshehadnoumbrellaandoutsidewererainpouringthatcouldnotleave.Theendingofthisstoryisreallyironical,thegirlissobravethatcanignorethedeath,butstoppingbytherain;thehugecontrastofthatgirl’simageshasproducedaclownishreaction.Thereasonthestorycanproduceaclownishreactionisitignoringthedangerousconceptionbutemphasizingthenegligiblethings（raining）,whichviolatesthemaximofquality.

（三）关系原则（MaximofRelation）：

要有关联，要切合题。

Berelevant,andconnectingtothetheme.

Forexamples:

1.Scene:

Maxwasservingthecustomer

Max:

Hi,readytoorder

Customer:

Doyouhaveanythingthat’srealspecial

Max:

Notaccordingmyhighschoolguidancecounselor.

（FromBankruptcySisters）

Analyze:

Maxisaskingifthecustomerreadytoorderfood,andthecustomerwantstoknowiftherestauranthasanyspecialdish.What’sforfun,Maxmisinterpretsthemeaningpurposelytoviolatethemaximofrelation,andhelpstheaudiencesrealizethefunnypoint.

2.Tworatherdeafoldgentlemenweretravelingontheunderground.AsthetraindrewintoWembleyStation,oneofthemshouted,

“IsthisWembley”

“No,”shoutedtheother,“it’sThursday!

”

“Whatdidyousay”

“Thursday————Thursday!

”

“Yes,soamI,shallwegetoffhereandhaveadrink”

Analyze:

Fromtheaboveconversationweknowthatthosetwooldgentlemenarebothdeaf,sotheycannotheareachotherclearly.OneofthemaskediftherewastheWembleyStation,anotherheardasiftodaywasWednesday，becausethepronunciationof“Wembley”arecloseto“Wednesday”.Thentheonewhoanswered“Thursday”hadrepeatedhisansweroverandoveragain,madethefirstoneofthemthoughtthatmanwasthirsty,sohesuggestedtogetofftohaveadrink.Inthisjoke,bothofthemarereplyingirrele