考研英语二真题及答案.docx

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考研英语二真题及答案.docx

考研英语二真题及答案

2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题

SectionI UseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

"TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers—aboontoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcybercrimethathas  1  acrosstheWeb.

Canprivacybepreserved  2  bringingasemblanceofsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly  3  ?

 

  Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyberczar,offeredtheObamagovernmenta 4  tomaketheWebasaferplace—a“voluntaryidentify”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech  5  ofaphysicalkey,fingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled  6  one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential  7  toaspecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

Theideaisto  8  afederationofprivateonlineidentifysystems.Userscould  9  whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense  10  bythegovernment.

  GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto  11  justoncebutusemanydifferentservices. 

 12  ,theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”insafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseof  13  community.

  Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith  14  ,trustingtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructurethatthetransactionruns  15  .'"

Still,theadministration’splanhas  16  privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould  17  bealicense”mentality.

  Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith  18  bysomeexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”wouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet  19  .Theyarguethatshouldbe  20  toregisterandidentifythemselves,indriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

 1.

A.swept

B.skipped

C.walked

D.ridden

2.

A.for

B.within

C.while

D.though

3.

A.careless

B.lawless

C.pointless

D.helpless

4.

A.reason

B.reminder

C.compromise

D.proposal

5.

A.information

B.interference

C.entertainment

D.equivalent

6.

A.by

B.into

C.from

D.over

7.

A.linked

B.directed

C.chained

D.compared

8.

A.dismiss

B.discover

C.create

D.improve

9.

A.recall

B.suggest

C.select

D.realize

10.

A.relcased

B.issued

C.distributed

D.delivered

11.

A.carryon

B.lingeron

C.setin

D.login

12.

A.Invain

B.Ineffect

C.Inreturn

D.Incontrast

13.

A.trusted

B.modernized

C.thriving

D.competing

14.

A.caution

B.delight

C.confidence

D.patience

15.

A.on

B.after

C.beyond

D.across

16.

A.divided

B.disappointed

C.protected

D.united

17.

A.frequestly

B.incidentally

C.occasionally

D.eventually

18.

A.skepticism

B.relerance

C.indifference

D.enthusiasm

19.

A.manageable

B.defendable

C.vulnerable

D.invisible

20.

A.invited

B.appointed

C.allowed

D.forced

SectionII  ReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text 1

RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:

ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?

ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.

TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.

Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor        .

[A]gainingexcessiveprofits

[B]failingtofulfillherduty

[C]refusingtomakecompromises

[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes

22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe        .

[A]generousinvestors

[B]unbiasedexecutives

[C]sharepriceforecasters

[D]independentadvisers

23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto       .

[A]becomemorestable

[B]reportincreasedearnings

[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket

[D]performworseinlawsuits

24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors        .

[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm

[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis       .

[A]permissive

[B]positive

[C]scornful

[D]critical

Text 2

Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?

Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?

Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?

Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.

26.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper       .

[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis

[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies

[C]werenotcharitablecorporations

[D]wereinadesperatesituation

27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause      .

[A]readersthreatenedtopayless

[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts

28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey      .

[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue

[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms

[C]arelessdependentonadvertising

[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership

29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness?

[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.

[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.

[C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.

[D]Readershavelosttheirin

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